Why lie to the history books Review Essay Example

Why lie to the history books Review Paper Essay on Why lie to the history books To learn how to choose, it is necessary not only to read a lot, we must also be able to distinguish between science and ideology, or else an illusion impossibility of scientific knowledge the result of the triumph of ideology over science in a single mind. In science and ideology there are common: both this knowledge is given in the system, two kinds of systematic consciousness, but the system of scientific knowledge aimed at establishing the truth and ideology to protect the interests of (groups of) people. That is why it is wrong that Mukhin object of protection has long vanished is not Stalin, but in the interests of the class, that group of people, material interests are represented by Stalin at the very top class supreme bureaucracy (the so-called decision-makers), the nomenclature or otherwise (to use a more accurate scientific terminology) politaristov. Modern Russian politarizm enjoys the ability to mimic their ideology as science, to issue its own system of scientific knowledge. It is this and claim all ideologues. Their joint interest to discredit the scientific knowledge per se. For example, identifying a plurality of views and pluralism of truths. every ideology boast reasonable true and embellishes it profitable lie true, if you do not have in mind a scientific ideology. Scientific ideology is possible when society there are people who are interested in a simple question, but what was really? However, it happens not always. the mass believes myths about the famine and gulags but this is not the myths. Here, for example, the work of historians pros: pay attention to the conclusion there. Or thats gulag, and more. Why lie to the history books Review Essay Example Why lie to the history books Review Paper Essay on Why lie to the history books I probably would have noticed immediately 1) YI Semenov: no common ownership of the means of production was not in our society. I absent in it, and the distribution principle: from each according to ability, to each according to his work. In other words, our society was not socialist in any sense of the word. No socialism we had not, it was not his, and no country in the world. Society, which we persistently called socialist, in fact, or have been, or still are still politarnymi. Listed a little sign of communism, which was not possible to build a really, but to call it socialism signs completely dare not. If we take socialism as a coupling medium between capital and communism, we must realize that in socialism such features as from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs are in bud. Before society eat these conditions provide for work, must undergo a long process of nationalization. This is firstly. Socialism on the entire planet does not work, it must run in slowly, and then in the socialist countries should have trade relations with the capitalist countries. This is just one more aspect of slowing down the appearance of signs described by Semenov, you forgive, but he wrote illiterate nonsense. As for contemporaries of Stalin, so everything is very simple; were talking about the ideological war that was then, so the representatives of both sides of his contemporaries combined status or even witnesses, but the information they provide is absolutely contradictory. I am referring to the fact that not a few contemporaries of Raskolnikov, his mouth shut. There is a little book from the same series of mystery 37go year, it is called Stalins Testament. On its back is written a little anecdote: After the death of Stalin left two envelopes, one says to open at a difficult time, the other To be opened at a critical time. There comes a difficult time, and opened the first envelope, there is written: Bring down all on me. There comes a critical ti me, it opened the second envelope and is written in it: Do as I do. Why lie to the history books Review Essay Example Why lie to the history books Review Paper Essay on Why lie to the history books It seems that you do not is aware that is socialism, not to mention how to write frantically about Semenov, saying, ignorant stupidity well, well, well actually funny! about the author of Economic ethnology (a link to the electric version Heres a list of his scientific works -.? Not ashamed?) a man for the first time disclosed the full range of existing and existing forms of exploitation of man by man (and a half dozen note can immediately call at least half a dozen?). No, I am far from simple links to authorities and is ready to do without them. But there is the view that, at least, deserve close attention. And you its not just lack of tact, it is immediately obvious, and bad faith, but excuse me Your will return and a real nonsense. And now, in fact. Socialism is not determined by the combination of features remember how Hattabych old man was trying to create a phone booth in the image and likeness but somehow did not work. So it is with definitions they should work! Th e meaning and essence of socialism, precisely on the classics, Marx, including socialist ideas, ranging from the 19th century, first of all, the implementation of the principle of social justice (and this is the most current Western idea until now, the center of speculation and lies all the authorities and ideologies), which in the language of the economic theory of socialism a classless society, that is, one in which the means of production are owned by society, not the state. Thats about it and lied, and lying Stalinist propaganda (and it is clear why the death of his reeks of such a theory, or rather, with the subsequent dying off = falling asleep all the state functions assumed by the Companys control, in the language of orthodoxy the dictatorship of the proletariat remember Lenins opinion about it ? Forgot?). Therefore impossible demagoguery about the socialist state of this nature can not be (in ME and Lenin). State is politarnaya forms of private property, including pe ople, reaching to the slaves in the Gulag (this is just a scientific truth from the 20th century). Corporate Ownership nomenclature is precisely private property in accordance with its definition. Semenov wrote about the socialist principle of distribution according to work, as an economist, as a researcher and expert on pre-class and early class economies (though it is something to take the sense and think that it is not likely, but is something you do not understand ). What is behind it quite clearly the impossibility of class relations, including politarizma this is where the bureaucracy robs the people and fattening, portraying servants of the people, under the guise lied about the public property, humanism and justice. And you wonder inserted on demand, but by the way, this principle has already proved its necessity and effectiveness of one of the existing types of economic relations in the primitive state. Stalinist state works because liberally lubricated with blood, but the current level of production and technology completely eliminates this shovels mode of production, hence the vital need to destroy a huge parasitic superstructure over society, called the state. Socialism immediately on the planet will not work, who told you? In general, how do you ponabrali all this confusion about socialism, the impossibility of historical science, truth, etc. Stalinist blyagi? Just trouble, I must say. And remember, you have a large inflated and this is in the best case. And in my opinion, the destruction of the global class relations between the two countries is possible only once and everywhere, and hence it is clear that capitalism and politarizm two sides of the same coin and the fate they will have a common a quick death, either with mankind or separately if the latest smart enough. And yet to me the most lovely of the covenants of Stalins contemporaries, an honest man to kill Stalin he wrote with his blood on the walls of the chamber shortly befor e the death of Artur Artuzov, I hope you know who this is? If not would highly recommend steeper any fiction.

The eNotes Blog Are You Listening Poetry Slam and SocialCommentary

Are You Listening Poetry Slam and SocialCommentary For  National Poetry Month we were tempted to pay homage to classics like Poe, Whitman, Neruda, and all the other greats. But  much of the buzz in the poetry world is not around words on a page, but rather the voice and performance of the poet. Were talking about  poetry slam, and its been  growing in popularity thanks to the web and social media. You no longer have to head to a club to see a live performance YouTube brings the hottest slam poets right to your screen. And if youve never heard of this art form, prepare to emote (hard). So what is a  poetry slam? According to Poetry Slam, Inc., its  the competitive art of performance poetry. It puts a dual emphasis on writing and performance, encouraging poets to focus on what theyre saying and how theyre saying it. The live performance encourages poets to be expressive and emotional not only in the words they choose to say but also in how they say them. Because slam poetry often includes an element of competition, poets strive to bring as much energy and passion as they can to their readings in order to beat out the competition. Of course, performance poetry  isnt a new concept, as its  vibrant and varied history encompasses ancient  Greek lyric and Shakespearean plays (and lots in between). And most,  if not all, art forms throughout global history have  continually reflected and were influenced by their political, cultural, and economic  contexts. Similarly, slam poetry  can  take any format, theme, or topic of the poets choosing (within the confines of any  competition parameters). Unsurprisingly, the most popular topics tend to be  unapologetic social commentary, recited through the lens of personal experience and delivered with  raw  emotion. Then whats so new? Well, couple  all of the above  with sharable video tools  like the aforementioned YouTube and youve got an undeniable platform calling for social revolution. We put together some of our favorite spine-tingling (and in my case tear-inducing, no shame) poems below. Let us know your favorites, any that we missed, and your reactions in the comments! Happy National Poetry Month! Want to get involved? Find a Poetry Slam near you. Gender and Sexuality *This video has some language that may be offensive. *Dear Straight People by Denice Frohman  |  A call for equality. Pride by  Sibel Sayiner and Violet Trachtenberg |  Criticism of corporate sponsorship and a lack of  intersectional and inclusive pride. Hir by  Alysia Harris and Aysha El Shamayleh  | The dual identities of a transgender person. Misogyny  and  Gender  Roles *The Period Poem by Dominique Christina  | Response to a boys disgust over female anatomy. *10 Responses to the Phrase Man Up by Guante  | Criticism of telling men and boys to man up. The Type by Sarah Kay  | Urging women not to define themselves through men. Race and  Ethnicity What Kind of Asian are You? by Alex Dang  | A response to ignorant questioning. *Cuz Hes Black by Javon Johnson  | Commentary on hardships of Black men and young boys. *Mixed, Not Exotic by Sarah ONeal |  A response to ignorance on mixed ethnicities.

Genre Switching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Genre Switching - Essay Example In this project, chapter 12 of the book: A visit from the goon squad, chapter 12 was deemed preferable as it can relate to the Facebook genre that we found it more related compared to other genres that are available. The 12th chapter of this material is a caption of the thoughts and life of young girl; Alison Blake. Alison has a family consisting of her parents and her brother who is a year older. The thoughts of Alison and the various activities she undertakes have been reflected on powerpoint slides, these slides have been illustrated in a way that it allows the reader to actualize and put to perspective what the young girl goes through as she interact with her family. These PowerPoint presentations can be transferred to a Facebook profile whereby they fit as they are more or less the same thing from Alison’s presentation. A Facebook account profile ranges from a status update file where the users can update their friends and family of the current things that they are undertaking in their lives. From this provision with the Facebook accounts, one is able to let their friend know what they are doing and at what time.The Facebook page then has a provision whereby there are spaces allocated to allow friends to respond to the status updates. They can respond to the specific update their friend has illustrated on their ‘walls’; the page from where the details of a person appears along with the updated status of that person.There are other aspects of a Facebook profile such as the ‘like’ button option whereby people can choose to click where it indicatively show that the person who has read the profile like it and lets the profile owner know it. The Facebook status has also dialog boxes where people can share their thought. like using short messages. Alison’s powerpoint slide s transferred to Facebook profile The tense used Powerpoint: The tense that Alison Blake uses in her slides is in present continuous, throughout the profile; she updates her life by referring the immediate things that are taking place. ‘Dad is working’; she states what activities her dad is currently undertaking. This means, she records these activities as they are happening. There is the use of passive voice in some parts of her slides, these signifies that the conversation is taking place at the immediate time. Facebook: The tense that Alison uses can qualify for the usage in a Facebook profile, on Facebook, Alison’s updates on might have sufficed on the status update where, she can allow the friend knows what is going on around her at the immediate time. The same update from the powerpoint slide might can fit in a status update letting her friends and family know that currently her dad is working on something. The profile on the Facebook status then has simila rity to the PowerPoint slide as it allows one to update whatever the person is undertaking in her life, this is facilitated by the use of tense whereby the update involves the ongoing activity. Relationship PowerPoint slides In the slides there are indications of the

Reflection in Two Pictures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflection in Two Pictures - Essay Example It could show his dream to visit the Avant Grade graveyard among other places. From this art work, people need to reflects about their life’s, from where they have come from, how far they have gone, different challenges they have experienced and what awaits them in the future. Peter Beard by Ray Johnson is the second image for reflection in this paper. Johnson, another seasoned artist, creates imaginative works based on what he thinks to reflect on different issues about life. Peter Beard is an exceptional art work, illustrated on board through ink wash and combined with acrylic, collage and pink, it is easy for anyone to know what the image intends to communicate. The image, shows an individual with a single idea on his mind, sees the idea in different dimensions, in this case reflected by use of different colours, and wants to use it to buy his dream car. The image show a frustrated individual, his head full and probably unable to implement the idea. This teaches us to only reflect on a single idea that we can

Auditor independence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Auditor independence - Research Paper Example Without independence, Arya & Glover (2014, p. 188) believes that there is no need for external auditors attestation to the purported accuracy and the completeness of the company financial information. The adverse effects of auditors providing services to clients that pay them directly question the impairment of auditor independence. An association between fees received by the audit firms directly from the clients will possibly impair auditor independence with particular interest to the going concern reporting decision that continues to have considerable interest to the regulators and others. This paper studies Arthur Andersen clients and investigates whether the decline in Andersens problems due to a criminal indictment can adversely affect the stock market perception of its audit quality. The reputations concerns are an issue on the impairment of the auditors independence. Arya & Glover (2014, p. 190) investigates the relationship between abnormal market returns for the Andersen clients and the fee-based measures of auditor independence. The empirical results support the ideology that auditor independence and reputation can significantly affect the perceived auditor quality and credibility in the audited financial statements as well as the market prices. The paper will also provide empirical evidence on the efficacy of auditors and directors that apply aggressive financial reporting that have accruals. In that light, the paper will investigate a sample of United States firms to evaluate the auditors independence on the clients. According to (), aggressive financing reporting will only occur when multiple governance mechanism fails. The overreliance of SOX-type legislation cannot act as a substitute for strong governance mechanisms in the regulation. Paterson & Valencia (2011, p. 1510) assert that Arthur Andersens perceives audit failure of Enron and other publicized accounting

Planning And Strategic Management Management Essay

Planning And Strategic Management Management Essay Nestle is the worlds leading nutrition, health, wellness company. The headquarter of Nestle company is located in Vevey, Switzerland. That is in 1866, there was a first European condensed milk factory opened in Cham, Switzerland. The name of the company is Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company which established by brothers George Page and Chatles Page. After that year, the founder of Nestle, Henri Nestle, a German pharmacist, developed a combination of cows milk, wheat flour and sugar, which name as Farine Lactee. The launched of Farine Lactee had become the largest competitor of Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company. In 1905, Nestle merged with Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company after a couple of decades as fierce competitors to form the Nestle and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company. In 1929, the chocolate company Peter, Cailler , Kohler Chocolats Suisses S.A. joined Nestle. And in 1947, Nestle change its name to Nestle Alimentana S.A after merged with Maggi, a well-known manufacturer of seasonings and soups. In 1974, Nestle for the first time diversified outside the food industry and they become a major shareholder in LOreal, one of the worlds leading maker of cosmetic products. And then finally, the last name change that the company would endure was in 1977, where it adopted the name Nestle S.A. The first product that launched by Nestle is Farine Lactee Nestle, a combination of cows milk, wheat flour and sugar. Farine Lactee was launched by Henri Nestle in 1867 and it was supported by the public. After that, Nestle also launched Milo in 1934. Milo is a chocolate and malt powder which is mixed with hot or cold water to produce a beverage and it is developed by Thomas Mayne in Sdyney, Australia. After the launched of Milo, another product launched by Nestle that famous among the world which is Nescafe. Nescafe is a powdered coffee that was introduced in Switzerland on April 1, 1938 after being developed for seven or eight years by Max Morgenthaler and Vernon Chapman. Another product that pull Nestle toward success is Nestle Pure Life, a bottled mineral water that launched in 1998. The smart strategy of Nestle had bring them toward the road of success. In 2012, Nestle has around 8,000 brands on the market included coffee, bottled water, milkshakes and other beverages, breakfast cereals, infant foods, performance and healthcare nutrition, seasonings, soups and sauces, frozen and refrigerated foods, and pet food. Organizational chart Chairman P.Brabeck-Letmathe Chief Executive Officer Nestle Health Science P.Bulcke L.Cantarell Corporate Governance Compliance Corporate Human Corporate Services Communication Resources D.P.Frick R.Ramsauer J.M. Duvoisin Operations Finance Strategic, Business Units, Innovation Technology and RD Control Marketing and Sales J.Lopez W.L. Martello P.Bula W.Bauer Nestle Waters Nestle Nutrition Nestle Professional J.J. Harris K.Schmidt M.Caira Zone EUR: Zone AOA: Zone AMS: Europe Asia/Oceana/Africas Americas L.Freixe N.Nandkishorr C.Johnson The organizational chart of Nestle showed that it is a hybrid structure. Hybrid structure is the combination of functional structure and divisional structure. A functional structure is a structure that make grouping by similar work specialties. This structure group people together because they hold similar positions in an organization, perform a similar set of tasks, or use the same kind of skills. The functional structure in the organization chart of Nestle was shown in the upper part that is from the chairman until the level of the Operations, Finance Control, Strategic, Business Units, Marketing and Sales as well as Innovation Technology and RD. A divisional structure is a structure that make grouping by similarity of purpose. This structure group departments according to organizational outputs such as by product type, customer, or geography. The divisional structure in the organization chart of Nestle was shown in the lower part. There are product divisional structure that is Nestle Waters, Nestle Nutrition, and Nestle Professional. After that, it continues with the geographic divisional structure that is Zone EUR: Europe, Zone AOA: Asia/Oceana/Africas and Zone AMS: Americas. The hybrid structure of Nestle consists all the advantages of functional structure and divisional structure. This structure helps to creates unity among the staff members which is very important for all the large-scale business as well as Nestle. This structure also make the management more flexible as the senior management can communicate with the junior employees easily and maintain good relationship between each other. Besides that, the resources can be allocated and used efficiently. Therefore, wastage of time and resources can be avoided. Planning and Strategic Management Basic strategies used to respond to uncertainty Nestle is a company that mainly act as a prospector while responding to uncertainty. Prospectors focus on developing new products or services and in seeking out new markets, rather than waiting for things to happen. Nestle had create many brands and many different types of products to satisfy consumers needs and wants. The table below showed the list of product of Nestle. Types of Products Brand Baby foods Cerelac, Gerber, Gerber Graduates, NaturNes, Nestum Bottled water Nestle Pure Life, Perrier, Poland Spring, S.Pellegrino Cereals Chocapic, Cini Minis, Cookie Crisp, Estrelitas, Fitness, Nesquik Cereal Chocolate confectionery Aero, Butterfinger, Cailler, Crunch, Kit Kat, Orion, Smarties, Wonka Coffee Nescafe, Nescafe 3 in 1, Nescafe Cappuccino, Nescafe Classic, Nescafe Decaff, Nescafe Dolce Gusto, Nescafe Gold, Nespresso Culinary, chilled and frozen food Buitoni, Herta, Hot Pockets, Lean Cuisine, Maggi, Stouffers, Thomy Dairy Carnation, Coffee-Mate, La Laitià ¨re, Nido Drinks Juicy Juice, Milo, Nesquik, Nestea Food service Chef, Chef-Mate, Maggi, Milo, Minors, Nescafe, Nestea, Sjora, Lean Cuisine, Stouffers Healthcare nutrition Boost, Nutren Junior, Peptamen, Resource Ice cream Dreyers, Extrà ªme, Hà ¤agen-Dazs, Mà ¶venpick, Nestle Ice Cream Petcare Alpo, Bakers Complete, Beneful, Cat Chow, Chef Michaels Canine Creations, Dog Chow, Fancy Feast, Felix, Friskies, Gourmet, Purina, Purina ONE, Pro Plan Sports Nutrition PowerBar Weight management Jenny Craig In the effort of seeking out new markets, Nestle had employed around 330 000 people in over 150 countries and have 461 factories or operations in 83 countries. Nestle also becomes one of the sponsors in many events. For example, on 27 January 2012, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) announced that Nestle will be the main sponsor for the further development of IAAFs Kids Athletics Program for the consecutive of 5 years starting from January 2012. This is one of the biggest grassroots development programs in the world of sports. In the year 2012, Nestle expect that it will be a challenging year as they will face many uncertainties in the global economy and. However, as a prospector, the company had made specific plans to overcome the uncertainties. They believe that they have good fundamentals and can will be able to diversify the global uncertainties. Nestle aim to continue the innovation and renovation of their products as well as launching further promotion of nutritional diets and healthy lifestyles Nestle will remain vigilant and will take all necessary method to soften any impact on their business due to the volatile commodity prices that were expected to continue in 2012. Besides that, Nestle company can also be consider as an analyzer. Analyzers let other organizations take the risks of product development and marketing and then imitate or perhaps slightly improve on what seems to work best. For example, Nestle was Gail Bordens most successful imitators in the production of milk. Nestle imitate and make changes based on the condensed milk manufactured by Bordens first canned milk factory. Nestle invented a powdered milk food that primarily composed of cows milk and then mixed with water. By 1868, this product was being sold in Switzerland, Germany, France and England. After five year, the product was available throughout Europe. Eventually, Pet Milk and Carnation Milk were produced and sold in United States. In the 21th century, humans wants are unlimited. Therefore, Nestle create new brands on the products that already exist in the market and are needed for the consumers to widen their choice. Mission and Vision Nestles mission is to be the recognized leader in Nutrition, Health and Wellness and the industry reference for financial performance. Good Food, Good Life is the promise they commit to everyday, everywhere to enhance lives, throughout life, with good food and beverages. Nestles vision is As the leading Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company we enhance lives by offering tastier and healthier food and beverage choices at all stages of life and at any time of the day, helping consumers care for themselves and their families. This is the foundation of our promise of Good Food, Good Life and puts nutrition at the heart of everything we do. It is our firm belief that, for a company to be successful over time and create value for its shareholders, it must also create value for society. We call this Creating Shared Value. Built on strong foundations of compliance and sustainable business practices, this is our way to do business and to be the trusted leader in Nutrition, Health and Wellness. SWOT analysis Grand Strategy Grand strategy is a systematic, comprehensive, long-term plan of all the company use to achieve their goals. Market, product, and organization development is the main element of this strategy. There are three types of strategy such as growth strategy, stability strategy and defensive strategy. Growth strategy involves the expansion of a company. Stability strategy is a strategy there are no-change strategy or little change strategy. Defensive strategy is a control to reduce the probability of loss. Nestle is a company that apply growth strategy. Nestle started the business in the year 1866 with the first European condensed milk factory and today becomes the worlds biggest food producer. The products of Nestle such as milk, beverages, coffee, ice-cream, confectionery and chocolate as well as junior food, has make a sales of CHF 44.1 billion in 2012 from CHF 74,660 million at 1999. The net profit increased by 8% to CHF 9.5 billion with the latest update on 9 August 2012. Now, Nestle had employed around 330,000 people in over 150 countries and have many operations or factories in the world compare to the number of employees in 1998 that only have 299,800 people. Besides that, Nestle is increasing the size of their company year by year. One of the strategies is organizing many different types of promotion. They give discounts to customers by using coupons. For example, Nestle Toll House Birthday Sugar Cookies can save 55$ if we print out the coupons to buy it. In addition, Nestle also provide food samples to customers during promotion. For instance, free samples of Maggi MeeGoreng were given out on 2nd  July 2012 to 2nd  August 2012. These were the successful strategy of Nestle nowadays. Nestle begin the business in 1866 with the combination of cows milk, wheat flour and sugar. After 1 year, infant cereal developed for a whole new world to babies. Next, Milo, Nescafe, Nestea, Nestle Pure Life, and Power Bar were launched in the years after 1929. Although these products launched, they merged with another company such as Maggi merged with Ursina-Franck. Nestle took the high risk of investment in the following year such as joint venture with LOreal, General Mills, Coca-Cola and Fonterra. In conclusion, Nestle is trying their best in the sales of products. they have smart plans to overcome the uncertainties. Growth strategy was used to increase their capital and Nestle will invest new products and new markets in the future. Competitive Strategies Nestle mainly focused on differentiation strategy. Nestle is a quality focused company. They differentiate their products with their competitors by giving them better customer satisfaction and quality with in an acceptable price limit. All their market is based on quality products and customer satisfaction. The main factor that motivates a customer is to buy their goods is the nutritional content in their products. They also focused on creating a strong brand by creating brand equity. In order to have a better quality on their products, Nestle had created Nestle Nutrition, which is a global business organization designed to strengthen the focus on their core nutrition business. They believe that strengthening their leadership in this market is the key element of their corporate strategy. In order to reinforce their competitive advantage in this area, Nestle created Nestle Nutrition as an autonomous global business unit within the organization, and charged it with the operational and profit and loss responsibility for the claim-based business of Infant Nutrition, HealthCare Nutrition, and Performance Nutrition. This unit aims to deliver superior business performance by offering consumers trusted, science based nutrition products and services. In order to produce a better quality product, Nestle had made an effort on research and development. Research and development is a key of competitive advantage for Nestle. Without research and development, Nestle could not have become the leader in food and beverage industries. With 29 research, development and technology facilities worldwide, Nestle has the largest research and development network compare with other food company. Based on the research and development done by Nestle, they are able to produce many products that have a high quality in nutrition, wellness, taste, health, texture or convenience. Besides that, Nestle also use cost-leadership strategy for minor products. Nestle had used a new strategy called Nestles Popularly Positioned Products (PPPs) strategy that provide consumers with high-quality, nutritious products, regardless of where they sell them and the price point at which they sell them. PPPs focuses on the specific needs of 3 billion lower-income consumers worldwide. PPPs offer these consumers the opportunity to consume high-quality food products that provide nutritional value at an affordable cost and appropriate format. With a range of locally adapted distribution methods, including street markets, mobile street vendors and door to door distributors, PPPs are a source of income for street traders and individual distributors and contribute to the creation of local jobs. Recommendation Utilizing the identified strengths and opportunities Overcome the identified strengths and opportunities Conclusion Overall achievement Firstly, on 21 May 2012, Nestle was in the rank of No. 18 in The Gartner Supply Chain Top 25. The Gartner Supply Chain Top 25 is about leadership. Nestle has created a successful supply chain segment for its popular Nespresso line. Nestle is also highly advanced and integrated in its raw material sourcing strategies, and has invested significantly in supply development and innovation. Moreover, on 12 April 2012, Nestle becomes the first food and beverage company that receives A+ rating, which is the highest standard in Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) for Creating Shared Value report. This shows that Nestle do take seriously their responsibility to create shared value and conduct their business in a sustainable way. Next, Nestle won the ACCA Malaysia Sustainability Reporting Award 2011. This was because Nestle use Sustainability Reporting to communicate to stakeholders regarding the progress of their Creating Shared Value strategy, which is to create value simultaneously for society and their shareholders while carrying out our business activities. On 19 May 2011, Nestle receives top environment award which is the 27th World Environment Center (WEC) Gold Medal award for its commitment to environmental sustainability. This shows that Nestle was recognized as a global company that has demonstrated an example of sustainability in business practice. Furthermore, on 7 June 2011, Nestle became winner of the Stockholm Industry Water Award for its leadership and performance to improve water management in its internal operations and throughout its supply chain. Nestle also has a leading role in the 2030 Water Resources Group. Besides that, in July 2010, Nestle Malaysia was crowned as a winner of the Asia Responsible Entrepreneurship Awards 2010 (AREA). This awards show that Nestle was recognized as an organization that have shown a lot of efforts, perseverance and courage in corporate social responsibility initiatives. Last but not least, Nestle won the StarBiz-ICR Malaysia CR Awards in the year 2009. Nestle was one of the seven public-listed companies which were recognized and honoured for their outstanding Corporate Responsibility practices at the StarBiz-ICR Malaysia CR Awards 2009 presentation ceremony. (Management, 2012) (Brands, 2012) (Nestle is, 2012) (Nestle becomes main sponsor of IAAF Kids Athletics programme, 2012) (Message to Shareholders (Annual Report 2011), 2012) (Reports Downloads, 2011) (Nestle is, 2011) (The Gartner Supply Chain Top 25 for 2012, 2012) (Insight: The challenges of achieving greater transparency, 2012) (Nestle Wins ACCA Malaysia Sustainabiliti Reporting Award 2011, 2011) (Nestle receives top environment award, 2012) (Nestle Wins the Stockholm Industry Water Award, 2012) (Awards and Recognition, 2012) References and Appendixes

Shakespeares Macbeth - A Tragic Hero :: Macbeth essays

Macbeth: A Tragic Hero         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Macbeth character in Macbeth by William Shakespeare can be played many ways.   Macbeth's relationship with other characters in the play and Aristotle's theory of a tragedy are ways in which Macbeth is shown as a tragic hero.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the very beginning of the play, Macbeth and Banquo are returning to Scotland from a fierce battle between the Norwegians and the Scottish. They have just won the war for Duncan.   This shows a noble virtue of Macbeth, a requirement of a tragic hero according to Aristotle.   It shows that Macbeth is a loyal person to the King and that he is a great warrior. As they are returning to Scotland, three witches appear and make prophecies about Macbeth and Banquo.   The three witches say â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! hail to thee, thane of Glamis!   All hail, Macbeth! hail to thee, thane of Cawdor!   All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter!† (A 1, S 3, 48). Here, Macbeth is interested in what the witches have to say, but he does not really believe them.   A few minutes later, Ross enters.   He tells Macbeth that the thane of Cawdor is in line for death and that Duncan has named Macbeth the new thane of Cawdor.   Now, Macbeth is absolutely shocked. The witches prophecy has come true!   He can not believe it!   But now Macbeth has a lot more on his mind; the third prophecy about becoming the King.   Macbeth knows that if something were to happen to Duncan, Malcolm and Donalbain, Duncan's sons, would be the rightful heirs to the throne. How can Macbeth be King when he is nowhere near the next in line to the throne?   Another requirement for a tragic hero is that he must have a tragic flaw.   Macbeth's tragic flaw is that of ambition; Macbeth's ambition will cause him to decline.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At this point, Lady Macbeth knows all about the witches prophecies. She really wants to be Queen of Scotland so she encourages Macbeth to do what he has to do to get rid of Duncan.   Lady Macbeth is putting an enormous amount of influence on Macbeth.   He thinks that Duncan is a great King and he considers Duncan to be a good friend.   Finally Macbeth gives in to Lady Macbeth and decides that he will kill Duncan while he is visiting Macbeth's castle that same night.   That night, Macbeth kills Duncan. However, afterwards, Macbeth is feeling very sorry for himself.   He can not believe what he has just done.   His ambition has caused him to kill a good friend and even worse, the King!   Here, Macbeth is going crazy.

Guests of the Sheik

Ethnocentrism: The Cultural Differences between Western and Middle Eastern Cultures Through its ethnocentric tales and family based beliefs, Elizabeth Warnock Fernea’s Guests of the Sheik suggests that to find the true representation of Islamic culture, one must leave ethnocentrism behind. Not only will we discuss ethnocentrism and the cultural differences between Western and Middle Eastern societies, we will also take a look at the women of El Nahra and family within the differing societies. Fernea entered El Nahra naive to the culture.However, was an innocent bystander, she became indignant because of the reference of wearing the abayah, â€Å" because she viewed the â€Å"abayah† as not being a part of her culture and did not have to wear it, â€Å"Why should I have to wear that ugly thing–it’s not my custom† (1965: 5). However, through her stay in the small Iraqi village, she gained cultural insight to be passed on about not only El Nahra, but to all foreign culture. As Elizabeth entered the Sheik’s village, she was viewed with a critical eye, â€Å"It seemed to me that many times the women were talking about me, and not in a particularly friendly manner† (1965: 70).The women of El Nahra could not understand why Elizabeth was not with her entire family, and why it was just her and her husband Bob: â€Å"Where is your mother? Kulthma asked. I told her she was in America far away, and when Selma repeated this in a better accent, the women clucked in sympathy. Poor girl, they said. Poor child. To be alone without any of one’s womenfolk was clearly the greatest disaster which could befall any girl† (1965:36). The women did not recognize her American lifestyle as accurate.This is not only ethnocentrism on the part of the El Nahran women because of their belief system that you are suppose to have your parents living with you or near you but American’s do not see this as a bad thing to live far from ones parents. Conversely, Elizabeth–BJ or Beeja, as named by the village and Bob did not view the El Nahra lifestyle as particularly proper either. They were viewing each other through their own cultural lenses. However, through their constant interaction, both sides began to recognize some benefits each culture possessed.It takes time when you are immersed in a particular community to understand the cultural ethos and eventually the community as a whole. Through Elizabeth Fernea’s ethnography on Iraq’s El Nahra village, we learn that all cultures have unique and equally important aspects. In El Nahra, for example, the cultural ethos is family honor. The actions of the community are based on the solid family bonds that exist throughout. However, individualism drives the majority of America. Our actions seem to be a direct result of the cultural ethos.In this, lied much of the uncertainty between Bob, BJ and the El Nahran people. In America, we spend a grea t deal of the time away from home and our families and completing tasks that will further the success of the individual. Generally, Americans are willing to sacrifice a lot of their family solidity for individual success. A sacrifice of this magnitude would be unheard of in a community such as El Nahra. Their relationships, both marriage and friendship are based on their family, and no one seems to know any other lifestyle. Marriages in El Nahra were, for the large majority, predetermined.This tradition in America would be strongly questioned and completely disregarded, based on the cultural ethos of individualism. Americans put a large emphasis on courting their own spouse. However, based on El Nahra’s cultural ethos of family honor, the people trusted their family unit to make quality choices for them. Obviously, from an American perspective, a women’s freedom of choice in this facet of El Nahran culture is lacking. However, viewing marriage cross-culturally, their p riorities as a tribe and culture are different and we cannot view them through American eyes.We should understand that family is the most important feature of each of their lives, and the preservation of the family line is of the utmost priority to them. In El Nahra, it may have seemed to Beeja that women have no power in their society. However, power may have multiple meanings as one travels from culture to culture. In America, a woman may view power in terms being able to obtain and maintain a stable, high-paying job on her own. We may also view a woman of no power as one without a job, simply satisfied being a common housewife. However, in El Nahra, as Beeja finds out, the women have more power as housewives.Their power comes from their ability to please their husband, and it is known, who were the preferred wives. As a favored wife, bearing children gives the woman power in her community amongst both women and men. â€Å"A typical well-respected wife would have served and respe cted her husband, worked hard, kept herself beautiful for him, made him laugh, and of course borne him sons (1965:169). They also obtain their power and respect from their capability to do what American women may consider to be menial chores. Preparation of meals and the cleanliness of ones home are essential to how a woman is viewed in El Nahra.When the sheik visited BJ and Bob’s home, BJ experienced this concept of power first hand. To make a good impression and understand the customs better, she had her servant Mohammed helped with Sheik Hamid’s feast. â€Å"Then Mohammed and I dished up the food, the chicken, the kebab, the meat dishes, the vegetables and salad and yogurt†, (1965:96). â€Å"We piled the platters, twelve of them, onto the tray. Mohammed mopped his brow, readjusted his headdress, then lifted the heavy, steaming tray to his shoulder and set out for the other room†, (1965:97).These feasts are very imperative to the reputation of a woman i n El Nahra. There are benefits to being a woman in El Nahra. Many women in American communities do not have the opportunity to experience the support and close bond between other women in their community. In America, it is hard for women to find enough time to spend with other women in the same manner as the women of El Nahra. The lifestyle is slower paced, and the importance is more on relationships instead of money and individualism, as in America. These close groups of women are a result of purdah, the veiling and seclusion of women. They say an uncovered woman is an immoral woman,† Bob explained, â€Å"and the tribesmen ask why a woman should want to show herself to anyone but her husband†, (1965:6). Predictably, Americans would perceive this behavior as degrading, while El Nahran women identify with it as a part of life. El Nahran women do not view it as degrading; rather, from BJ’s many interactions with the women of the community, they recognize it makes t hem stronger. The time they spend together is precious. They all gather together in a seemingly jovial atmosphere.Most American women never get to experience that kind of bonding with such a large group of women. Granted, American women some times gather for tea parties to catch up with each others lives, but the women of El Nahra are in constant daily contact, and already know each others lives inside and out. The bonds that the women make are unique outlooks of El Nahran culture that make it equally as important as any other culture in the world. El Nahran women have many unique and important aspects of culture, which contribute to a healthy lifestyle.These aspects are unique to their village and create a positive environment for them to live. However, members of foreign cultures may disagree. At that point, people must understand that cultures can be equally as productive and beneficial no matter the means they use to achieve their particular goals. Elizabeth Fernea conducted her self as a respectful and somewhat open individual within the Iraqi community, she accepted the change of culture in which she was not accustomed and experienced the concept of Iraqi culture.I believe Elizabeth started out with strong ethnocentric views: â€Å"Thus, although I balked at wearing an all-enveloping black abayah, I had elected to live like the women of El Nahra-in relative seclusion behind walls, not meeting or mixing with me† (1965:5), but left with a more opened mind and respect for different cultures, especially the Middle East culture: â€Å"when I came to Selma, heavy and clumsy with the child she was carrying, she smiled politely in a set way and then as I smiled back, her face changed and she threw her arms around me and cried aloud.At this my own reserve broke and I found myself weeping, passing from one abayah-clad figure to another in a welter of embraces and tears†, â€Å"they were bidding me goodbye† (1965:331). This shows how Elizabeth s tarted ethnocentric coming to El Nahra, but her interactions with the women of El Nahra mad her more culturally relative to the Iraqi culture of El Nahra. Guests of the Sheik Ethnocentrism: The Cultural Differences between Western and Middle Eastern Cultures Through its ethnocentric tales and family based beliefs, Elizabeth Warnock Fernea’s Guests of the Sheik suggests that to find the true representation of Islamic culture, one must leave ethnocentrism behind. Not only will we discuss ethnocentrism and the cultural differences between Western and Middle Eastern societies, we will also take a look at the women of El Nahra and family within the differing societies. Fernea entered El Nahra naive to the culture.However, was an innocent bystander, she became indignant because of the reference of wearing the abayah, â€Å" because she viewed the â€Å"abayah† as not being a part of her culture and did not have to wear it, â€Å"Why should I have to wear that ugly thing–it’s not my custom† (1965: 5). However, through her stay in the small Iraqi village, she gained cultural insight to be passed on about not only El Nahra, but to all foreign culture. As Elizabeth entered the Sheik’s village, she was viewed with a critical eye, â€Å"It seemed to me that many times the women were talking about me, and not in a particularly friendly manner† (1965: 70).The women of El Nahra could not understand why Elizabeth was not with her entire family, and why it was just her and her husband Bob: â€Å"Where is your mother? Kulthma asked. I told her she was in America far away, and when Selma repeated this in a better accent, the women clucked in sympathy. Poor girl, they said. Poor child. To be alone without any of one’s womenfolk was clearly the greatest disaster which could befall any girl† (1965:36). The women did not recognize her American lifestyle as accurate.This is not only ethnocentrism on the part of the El Nahran women because of their belief system that you are suppose to have your parents living with you or near you but American’s do not see this as a bad thing to live far from ones parents. Conversely, Elizabeth–BJ or Beeja, as named by the village and Bob did not view the El Nahra lifestyle as particularly proper either. They were viewing each other through their own cultural lenses. However, through their constant interaction, both sides began to recognize some benefits each culture possessed.It takes time when you are immersed in a particular community to understand the cultural ethos and eventually the community as a whole. Through Elizabeth Fernea’s ethnography on Iraq’s El Nahra village, we learn that all cultures have unique and equally important aspects. In El Nahra, for example, the cultural ethos is family honor. The actions of the community are based on the solid family bonds that exist throughout. However, individualism drives the majority of America. Our actions seem to be a direct result of the cultural ethos.In this, lied much of the uncertainty between Bob, BJ and the El Nahran people. In America, we spend a grea t deal of the time away from home and our families and completing tasks that will further the success of the individual. Generally, Americans are willing to sacrifice a lot of their family solidity for individual success. A sacrifice of this magnitude would be unheard of in a community such as El Nahra. Their relationships, both marriage and friendship are based on their family, and no one seems to know any other lifestyle. Marriages in El Nahra were, for the large majority, predetermined.This tradition in America would be strongly questioned and completely disregarded, based on the cultural ethos of individualism. Americans put a large emphasis on courting their own spouse. However, based on El Nahra’s cultural ethos of family honor, the people trusted their family unit to make quality choices for them. Obviously, from an American perspective, a women’s freedom of choice in this facet of El Nahran culture is lacking. However, viewing marriage cross-culturally, their p riorities as a tribe and culture are different and we cannot view them through American eyes.We should understand that family is the most important feature of each of their lives, and the preservation of the family line is of the utmost priority to them. In El Nahra, it may have seemed to Beeja that women have no power in their society. However, power may have multiple meanings as one travels from culture to culture. In America, a woman may view power in terms being able to obtain and maintain a stable, high-paying job on her own. We may also view a woman of no power as one without a job, simply satisfied being a common housewife. However, in El Nahra, as Beeja finds out, the women have more power as housewives.Their power comes from their ability to please their husband, and it is known, who were the preferred wives. As a favored wife, bearing children gives the woman power in her community amongst both women and men. â€Å"A typical well-respected wife would have served and respe cted her husband, worked hard, kept herself beautiful for him, made him laugh, and of course borne him sons (1965:169). They also obtain their power and respect from their capability to do what American women may consider to be menial chores. Preparation of meals and the cleanliness of ones home are essential to how a woman is viewed in El Nahra.When the sheik visited BJ and Bob’s home, BJ experienced this concept of power first hand. To make a good impression and understand the customs better, she had her servant Mohammed helped with Sheik Hamid’s feast. â€Å"Then Mohammed and I dished up the food, the chicken, the kebab, the meat dishes, the vegetables and salad and yogurt†, (1965:96). â€Å"We piled the platters, twelve of them, onto the tray. Mohammed mopped his brow, readjusted his headdress, then lifted the heavy, steaming tray to his shoulder and set out for the other room†, (1965:97).These feasts are very imperative to the reputation of a woman i n El Nahra. There are benefits to being a woman in El Nahra. Many women in American communities do not have the opportunity to experience the support and close bond between other women in their community. In America, it is hard for women to find enough time to spend with other women in the same manner as the women of El Nahra. The lifestyle is slower paced, and the importance is more on relationships instead of money and individualism, as in America. These close groups of women are a result of purdah, the veiling and seclusion of women. They say an uncovered woman is an immoral woman,† Bob explained, â€Å"and the tribesmen ask why a woman should want to show herself to anyone but her husband†, (1965:6). Predictably, Americans would perceive this behavior as degrading, while El Nahran women identify with it as a part of life. El Nahran women do not view it as degrading; rather, from BJ’s many interactions with the women of the community, they recognize it makes t hem stronger. The time they spend together is precious. They all gather together in a seemingly jovial atmosphere.Most American women never get to experience that kind of bonding with such a large group of women. Granted, American women some times gather for tea parties to catch up with each others lives, but the women of El Nahra are in constant daily contact, and already know each others lives inside and out. The bonds that the women make are unique outlooks of El Nahran culture that make it equally as important as any other culture in the world. El Nahran women have many unique and important aspects of culture, which contribute to a healthy lifestyle.These aspects are unique to their village and create a positive environment for them to live. However, members of foreign cultures may disagree. At that point, people must understand that cultures can be equally as productive and beneficial no matter the means they use to achieve their particular goals. Elizabeth Fernea conducted her self as a respectful and somewhat open individual within the Iraqi community, she accepted the change of culture in which she was not accustomed and experienced the concept of Iraqi culture.I believe Elizabeth started out with strong ethnocentric views: â€Å"Thus, although I balked at wearing an all-enveloping black abayah, I had elected to live like the women of El Nahra-in relative seclusion behind walls, not meeting or mixing with me† (1965:5), but left with a more opened mind and respect for different cultures, especially the Middle East culture: â€Å"when I came to Selma, heavy and clumsy with the child she was carrying, she smiled politely in a set way and then as I smiled back, her face changed and she threw her arms around me and cried aloud.At this my own reserve broke and I found myself weeping, passing from one abayah-clad figure to another in a welter of embraces and tears†, â€Å"they were bidding me goodbye† (1965:331). This shows how Elizabeth s tarted ethnocentric coming to El Nahra, but her interactions with the women of El Nahra mad her more culturally relative to the Iraqi culture of El Nahra.

International Management Group

International Management Group International Management Group is a business venture that was rapidly expanding with Southeast Asia being its latest phase of tremendous growth. Its founder and president Mark McCormack was reflecting on the journey the company had taken to become one of the most popular group in the entire globe.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on International Management Group specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As for the year 2000, the corporation’s market value of American sports stood at $200 billion and with this making it the nation’s eleventh largest industry. Among IMGs achievements was the fact that the business was a representative of talented and powerful athletes. These include tennis players Venus and Serena Williams and golf superstar Tiger Woods. In an effort to develop, the company had ventured in to other kinds of business such as owning and managing sporting events, television production, operating sp orts training academies, and engaging in other businesses apart from sports related ones. At the age, of 71 years, McCormack was on the verge of preparing for retirement, but, this was not the main issue at hand. The first issue was for the founder and president of IMG- McCormack to prepare the following board on ways to add value to the company’s clients and strengthen the company’s competitive position. The company having already broadened its scope of business the next crucial step is to maintain and preserve the current clients. At the same, the business needs to attract more top talent to the business. The new leadership that will come in place together with the current administration should focus on bringing on board more sports celebrities. This recruitment will be an indication of their excellent work and development. For instance, bringing on board other top golfers aside from Tiger Woods will be beneficial to the company, as it will enhance their credentials. Sports and musical fields are areas that grow with time meaning that today Tiger Woods could be the greatest golfer, but, in the next two years, someone else will have the title. Having some top golfers on board will broaden their scope of activities and, therefore, maintain the company on the market. On the other hand, restricting the size and diversity of IMG’s portfolio will only work against the company’s already popular name.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are several competitors in the sports market for instance; the formation of Octagon was through merger of Advantage and API and its time IMG cemented its roots by employing various management tools. For instance, re- structuring the company’s management team will help boost the business’s idea, as most people will be on the management board. Since the business is focu sing on expansion and growth through venturing in to other businesses, it is essential that it consider obtaining highly trained and experienced specialists who will be responsible for guiding the business team in the other areas of business. For instance, the thought of venturing in to a new sport apart from golf and tennis will call for experienced people in those fields that the founder McCormack is not familiar. The employment of experienced people will minimize cases of agents stealing clients, as was the case in 1999 when agent Jeffrey Schwartz quit IMG and left with three tennis stars. Experienced legal firms with specialization in entertainment and sports contracts would have been critical in the above situation. The re-structuring of the business management will allow other people to contribute towards the administration of the business and avoid the aspect of the company trying to work out everything on its own. In as much as the venturing into other sports is a questionab le step, the company will take necessary measures to ensure there is no divergence of interests in its services. This will avoid cases such as the 1991 lawsuit by Dorothy Hamill. The expansion approach that the IMG has taken by exploring untapped international market in sports and entertainment will sustain the company in the business for another longer period. The broader the business it enters in the international market the more they require highly trained and experienced specialists to help them handle the international business affairs.

Druids essays

Druids essays In 390 BC Gallic Tribes crossed the Alps swept down through Italy and sacked and burnt Rome. The Gauls left the city but for a time they held the northern part of the Italian peninsula. The region south of the Alps became known to the Romans as Cisalpine Gaul or Gaul this side of the Alps. The Gauls were brave and warlike but proved no match for the well trained Romans and were defeated in Italy in 200s BC. Roman invasions of Transalpine Gaul began and they succeeded during the 100s BC in gaining mastery of the strip of Gaul along the Mediterranean Sea. Gaul later suffered heavily through civil wars and barbaric invasions but it passed on a rich cultural tradition to its new masters. Chief among the invaders were the Franks, who came in the late 400s AD. From that time most of Gaul was called France after the Franks. Druids were created by the Celtic settlers in Gaul around the fourth century BC these original druids then mixed their own culture with those of native Gaelic peoples and was later enriched when they reached the According to Caesar the druids held their assemblies in the land of Carnutes, the center of Gaul. Although the Celtic body as a whole was organized into a strict hierarchy, the individual druid lived alone and shared the life of the people. Teaching, School ages, religion, sacrifices Caesar described the Druids as an itinerant priest hood that moved from tribe to tribe exempt from having to pay taxes or taking up arms. Their membership was exclusive. Young men flocked to join their ranks but only those of intellectual aptitude were chosen. Often their numbers were drawn from the Celtic nobility. It is believed that women could also become Druids just as they could warriors and queens. A would be Druid normally entered training at about seven or eight years of age. During the course of this training the student was required to memorise imm ...

Cultural relativism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cultural relativism - Research Paper Example The customs, for example practiced by many cultures and religions such as infanticide, human sacrifice or self-mutation are considered right in those particular cultures and religions, while at the same time they are abhorred in other societies. In cultural relativism there is considered no concept of universal truths. The relativists claim that since every culture has its own distinct and diverse moral and ethical codes therefore there cannot be any universal standards to judge anything other than to consider it in the context of that particular culture. As in the case of abortion, which is highly abhorred and considered illegal in many countries, is considered completely legal and an act of birth control in Japan and many such countries. The idea of cultural relativism advocates the idea that everything is valid and right in its cultural context. This means that there is nothing truly right and wrong or moral and amoral, rather there is only different cultural aspects which may or may not validate an act or practice. The anthropologists, who contradict the idea of cultural relativism, consider the ethical subjectivism more appropriate in term of morality of actions. Ethical subjectivism implies that whatever an individual does or feels is right as far as he considers it right. This means that one thing that is morally justified for one person may not be so for another person. In other words the concept of right and wrong on a culture basis shrinks to an individual basis. For example extra marital relations or open marriage may be considered right for some while it will not be a justified act for others (Rae, 2009). There is another term of situational ethics generally applied by anthropologists which implies that morality is situation based. This term is introduced by Joseph Fletcher, advocating that all morality is relevant to the particular situation in which an individual finds himself. The most cited example of situational ethics is that of a woman impris oned in Nazi camp. She asked a guard to make her pregnant so that she could be released and meet her family (Rae, 2009). All these terms of cultural relativism, ethical subjectivism or situational ethics are valid in their own context, yet they can’t all be correct. If we truly follow ethical subjectivism, it would mean that there is no concept of society or culture but individual choices. This would only alienate individuals from one another. If everything has to be justified according to individual choices and preferences than no one will think of the consequences of their actions, rather there will only prevail selfishness and biased natures. To accept the individuality and diversity of different cultures and to give space and freedom of practice is essential, but to accept all the aspects of a particular religion or culture whether they are right or wrong is definitely not essential. Respecting cultures does not mean we respect their inhumane practices as well. Every cult ure teaches the basic doctrines of humanity and justice and they should be appreciated for whatever is good and humane in them. Yet there can’

Religion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religion - Coursework Example Smith further said that religion is indeed, nothing more than an outcome of the study of many scholars, who utilize it as a means to carry out analysis of various social aspects, otherwise, it does not exist outside the academic world. Smith’s generalization of religion as an academic myth is an overt expression of his association with the school of thought that negates the existence of religion in practical world. Another scholar who belongs to the same school of thought but came up with a more philosophical explanation of the reason of its people’s belief in religion is Edward Burnett Taylor who visualized the religion as an animated concept developed by humans in an attempt to conceive the physical world around them in a better way while Sigmund Freud said religion exists simply because people want to believe in it. (Anon., 2010). However, there are other scholars that do believe in religion and make reasonable arguments for the purpose of the existence of religion and acknowledge its role and impact in the society. One such scholar has been Mircea Eliade who believed in religion and expressed the opinion saying that religion is something too special to be limited to social, cultural or psychological concerns alone. (Anon, 2010). In addition to them, there have been scholars who simply referred to religion as an outcome of some phenomenon. For example, James George Frazer explained that religion surfaced when magic failed to address people’s longing for spiritual satisfaction. (Anon., 2010). Frazer said that the psychology of some people caused them to trust spiritual beings and seek help from them. This resulted in the formation of religion. An in-depth analysis of the opinions of various scholars in the history of literature suggests that many saw religion as a man made concept. A vast majority of philosophers and educationalists denies the belief in religion and refers to it as an animated