Bible 105 Discussion Board

Leayotta Karley Bibl 105 9/24/12 Discussion Board Forum Thread 1 From the reading of Courageous Faith: ch. 1-6, I have identified myself with the life of Moses. He portrayed a life with failures as well as received a second chance to overcome his past circumstances in his life. The parallels of Moses’s life to mine is similar in some ways due to the fact that I had to start over again with the help of God. Moses didn’t know what his purpose in life was as myself at present.Do the actions and decisions that I make really make God happy and will everyone agree with me? Several years ago I graduated from high school and entered community college to start my studies for pre-med, but as I grew closer to graduation I saw the challenges in this career path. Then, I decided to change the major to Nursing in order for my credits to transfer from premed and make years spent in college less than in the Premed program. Both careers are highly competitive and honored in all countrie s of this world.My main goal is to join a profession that will help me interact with people and show people Christ’s love for all humankind through myself. It’s a blessing to help people with their problems and be by their side when they need it as God does in our lives. So, now I having difficulties with standing with my decisions and believing that I will overcome these failures. I want my purpose in life to follow with what God wants me to do and not feel pressured by family or society.There are times in my life when I feel hopeless and abandoned by everyone. I want to stay strong, but my emotions take over me and cause me emotional distress. This allows me to lose faith and trust in God when nothing seems to be going the way I want in life. From Moses’s life he didn’t understand that God does no abandon his children even if we make wrong decisions in our past. God knows that humans will sin and choose the wrong path, but if they make God their friend and have complete faith in him everything will turn good.We need God by our side due to our chances of falling again are more likely if we leave his presence and take matters into our hands. We should not belittle God’s power and ask for wisdom in everything we do. As in the same way God helped Moses he will help us and make us great leaders in any field of study that we choose. We must glorify God and he knows our heart’s weakness, but he will help us overcome our failures and succeed in life.

Rohingya

Rohigya are Muslim ethnic group in northern Rakhine state located in western Burma now known as Myanmar and Rohingya minority in Burma also. Violence and oppression of the Rohingya population in Myanmar has shocked the world with a massive killer Rohingya in Myanmar. The issue of ethnic cleansing is the main cause of violence and repression carried out on ethnic Rohingya in Myanmar. ? In 1982, the Muslim Rohingya suddenly declared as foreigners in their own country. ? They suppress by law â€Å"Burma Citizenship Law of 1982† that discriminate against Rohingya ethnic and religious nature of their citizenship is not recognized. The need for citizenship in Myanmar is not specified for the Rohingya. Rohingya people as a minority community in Myanmar caused them to be considered â€Å"illegal Bengalis† and hated by the majority of people in Burma. ? For a pro-democracy group, they consider the Rohingya is a liar and the group intended to kill all the Rohingya in Myanmar. Thi s is because they are laughing at black people from the Indian subcontinent. Violence and oppression of Myanmar Rohingya cause by disputes and discrimination between both Islam and Buddhism. ? Muslim Rohingya supported by Buddhist monks, but they do not accept immigrants.They give harsh treatment to women and children who ousted Rohingya people outside the temple and not given food and drink. ? children were denied the right to education and Muslim women are not allowed to veil, and one of them is to prevent discrimination and rape. ? Muslims are not allowed to perform the pilgrimage and perform the sacrificial slaughter at al-Adha. These conditions restrict them to live as independently Muslims. ? In addition, the right medicine at the hospital and clinic denies Muslim Rohingya where they charged treatment is too expensive.Violence and repression carried out on ethnic Rohingya in Myanmar have a great impact on all ethnic Rohingya as human rights violations.  ¬ incident of extorti on against Rohingya Muslims, accused of human rights because they impose arbitrary taxes such as land seizures, forced evictions, destruction of houses and finances marriage restrictions. ?  ¬ It is also used as forced labor for the construction of roads and military camps. Abused forced labor by the Myanmar military regime continues to commit death sentence, torture and rape brutal action.Part of the Rohingya forced to work without pay for infrastructure projects in Myanmar economy. Another effect of extortion against the Muslim Rohingya, all ethnic people living in this suffering in their own country. Some of the 100,000 Rohingya people killed by the regime Myanmar brutal action. Between suffering; – The destruction of the mosque taken out and replaced with Buddhist pagoda – Weddings and any union movement restricted and exercised only in Burma military agreement. – Arrest, torture and rape of women. – Compulsion to renounce Islam and forced to conver t to Buddhism. Not allowed to possess any firearms or knives. – Not allowed to own any means of communication such as mobile phones. Will be arrested and jailed for seven years if it is. Results from disputes involving Rohingya persecution in Myanmar, half a million Rohingya Muslims who survived the brutal acts Myanmar regime had become refugees housed in refugee camps in Bangladesh, Thailand, and Pakistan. In addition, dozens of Rohingya refugees in the refugee camps located in Kutupalong and persuade Bazaar in Bangladesh live in very poor conditions for Bangladesh authorities do not provide any assistance to them.Rohingya refugees living in difficulty as not to have any financial resources, accommodation, food and clothing. Violence and repression carried out on ethnic Rohingya in Myanmar has violated the human rights of ethnic Rohingya. Many innocent human lives Rohingya have died from violence and persecution of Rohingya without any help from many quarters, including the Association of the United Nations (UN). The world community will need to provide a rational public debate on the future to help and defend the fate of ethnic Rohingya in Myanmar on human rights policy.

Diversity in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Diversity in Education - Essay Example John Dewey affirmed that education can only occur through the process of social consciousness. This is seen in almost all spheres of life. For instance, whenever we acquire different habits or whenever an individual's feelings have been awakened, then that is still part of education. Regardless of the level of strictness in any school environment, teachers cannot claim to deviate from this principle. All people are first educated through the unconscious state. The latter assertions can be carried forward to the issue of diversity in education. Because all human beings regardless of their race, disability, gender etc go through this unconscious education, then one can assert that they deserve equal treatment if the same principle was to be applied to them. (Neil, 2005) Dewey also asserted that a child's social environment was particularly important in ascertaining whether that child was able to embrace true education. Again, this assertion can be related to the diverse classroom because a diverse classroom offers children the opportunity to deal with different demands from the ones that the child had been accustomed to thus giving them room for growth. Children learn through the various demands that are placed upon them from members of the group. Consequently, if those demands are narrow or nonexistent, then a child's feelings and action will remain as they were. However, if those demands are much greater than that child had anticipated, then chances are that the child will come out of their narrowness of thought and will embrace their role as contributors to the overall wellness of the group. Therefore, a child will be able to learn what is appropriate or not through the actions of others when they are responding to the former's deeds or words. For instance, when children are learning a certain language, they rely on the reactions which they get from the people around then in relation to certain actions. For example, whenever a certain activity solicits a certain response, then that child will place the meaning in context. (Neil, 2005) The latter principles also apply to diversity in education. In essence, diverse classrooms represent society as it is. Compared to conventional classrooms, diverse classes are much closer to Dewey's ideas. This is because they allow children to learn from one another especially in terms of those who may be different from them. According to the latter philosopher, education is imparted through two aspects Psychological aspects Social aspects The first aspect is more important than the second because of the fact that it incorporates the issue of a child's instincts. The latter characteristic is usually the starting point in any learning process. If education is conducted independently from the child's activities, then it can only be regarded as a form of external pressure. If a child has no opportunity to show initiative, then they may simply solve the problems assigned to them by their educators but no meaningful education will have taken place. This is because such educators have not bothered to make an insight into the psychological goings on of the child. When a teacher's approaches happen to fall in line with a child's ideas, then chances are that that child will learn. However, if those approaches contradict a child's psychology, then it will create conflict within the child's mind thus impeding

Rachel Carson's Silent Spring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rachel Carson's Silent Spring - Essay Example In an ‘Introduction’ to the work, Linda Lear wrote: â€Å"Carson’s writing initiated a transformation in the relationship between humans and the natural world and stirred an awakening of public environmental consciousness†¦ Carson’s thesis that we were subjecting ourselves to slow poisoning by the misuse of chemical pesticides that polluted the environment†¦contained the kernel of social revolution.† (Lear, x) Therefore, it is essential to recognize that Carson, as one of the greatest nature writers in the modern world, inspired and motivated a generation of environmental activists. This paper makes a reflective exploration of how Silent Spring fits into the larger story of conservation and environmentalism in America and how it changed public opinion about pesticide use and environmentalism in general. In a profound investigation of the major arguments of Rachel Carson in Silent Spring, it becomes evident that the author is mainly concerne d about a revolution in the relationship between humans and the natural world. Significantly, the author emphasizes the thesis that uncontrolled and unexamined use of pesticides ultimately harms the nature by killing animals, birds, and, more perilously, human beings.

The Function of Telomeres in Obesity Term Paper

The Function of Telomeres in Obesity - Term Paper Example The investigators carried out a case-control study involving 793 children, obese (above the 97th percentile for weight) and non-overweight (below the 90th percentile for weight). Their peripheral blood samples were taken and leukocyte DNA extracted, from which measurements of telomere lengthening was done using PCR. Statistical analysis showed that mean leukocyte telomere length in the obese group was significantly lower than in the non-overweight group, equating to about a 24% decrease. No statistical differences were found across gender, age, blood pressure or total cholesterol levels, however, telomere length was inversely related to height and weight. The investigators concluded that telomeres of obese children are significantly shorter than those of non-obese children of comparable age, and therefore obese children have a biological age that is significantly higher than their actual chronological age – an alarming conclusion which stresses the importance of reducing obesi ty in order to reduce the risk of future diseases. Buxton et al (2011) cited a number of published articles. More than one of the cited papers demonstrated how obesity in various ways – by a waist-hip ratio in women, for example - was linked to shorter telomere length. Among the references, the paper that was most critical to the study objectives of Buxton et al (2011) was the study by Farzaneh-Far et al (2010). This is because it was the largest, most robust, and most popular study, with the highest standards of research methodology.... Buxton et al (2011) cited a number of published articles. More than one of the cited papers demonstrated how obesity in various ways – by waist-hip ratio in women, for example - was linked to shorter telomere length. Among the references, the paper that was most critical to the study objectives of Buxton et al (2011) was the study by Farzaneh-Far et al (2010). This is because it was the largest, most robust, and most popular study, with the highest standards of research methodology. This was a prospective cohort study, the most reliable study design, involving 608 participants over 5 years. Participants were patients with cardiovascular disease. The investigators found that over 5 years, 45% of these patients developed telomere shortening, 32% maintained the same telomere length, and 23% lengthened telomeres. Independent predictors of telomere shortening in cardiovascular disease patients included older age, male sex, and abdominal obesity (higher waist to hip ratio). Study pa rticipants with the longest telomeres experienced the greatest amount of shortening, while those with shorter telomeres maintained or increased their length. This suggested that there may be negative feedback regulation of leukocyte telomere length in humans. The shortening of telomeres was postulated to be done by the enzyme telomerase. In contrast with prior cross-sectional studies, the authors found no significant associations between telomere trajectory and blood pressure, insulin resistance, smoking, body mass index, or physical activity. It was recognized that many genetic and environmental stressors may have acted as confounders to influence

Toyota. Background and Company History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Toyota. Background and Company History - Essay Example It enjoys a market share of about 45% in Japan alone. Cho was the executive officer who catapulted Toyota into its current state due to his hard work and determination. Cho derived management experience and skills from Taichi Ohno who was the founder of legendary Toyota Production System. Toyota is known to be producing numerous models of cars that ranging from Corolla, Lexus to the Scion xB (Bremner & Dawson, 2003). Toyota enjoys huge revenues and profits from various parts of the world. The company has thousands of employees across the world. The company’s success is attributed to the fact that they build on every challenge and maximize on every opportunity that comes across. Toyota has relaxed her flexes by being able to adapt to any positive change without being too rigid (Bremner & Dawson, 2003). The company has had booming sales across the globe especially in areas where they have bigger market shares. Toyota’s share in the U.S market is 11.2% where they made sale s of 1.94million and 756, 000 sales in Europe where they have market share of 4.4%. Toyota’s model leaders in North America are Lexus while in Europe the leading models are Yaris and new Avensis. In Southwest Asia, Toyota made sales of 268, 000 where their durable Qualis suv was a big hit in India. In Southeast Asia the company made sales 455, 000 where they assemble cars in seven countries with an intention of expanding their operations in Thailand and Indonesia. Some other markets where Toyota is doing exceptionally well are South America, Africa, China and Japan where they made sales of 97, 000, 140,000, 58, 000 and 1.68 million respectively (Bremner & Dawson, 2003). Cho’s positive attitude towards the company has seen it surviving amid fierce competition from other companies such as General Motors. He initiated adaptation of cost competitiveness in the 21st century that is currently used in the company. Frugality is an important aspect that has contributed to the s uccess of Toyota (Bremner & Dawson, 2003). Toyota usually minimizes cost of production in various ways such as reducing of prices on the major constituents of the new models by around 30%. The company concentrates on how to reduce wastage of time and money as much as possible. Also Toyota pays close attention to the customers’ demand as a way of coming up with car models that are consistent with what the customers want (Bremner & Dawson, 2003). Customer/Target market Toyota Company is working on better ways of enhancing their economy, market share and maintaining a sustainable and stable world market. As a tool of global expansion the company creates and invests in various strategies. The company tirelessly works on a number of strategies to enable it reach her set goals and objectives over a given period of time (Bremner & Dawson, 2003). Toyota enjoys a wide range of expertise assisting it in carrying out research and development which are essential in the growth of the glob al market. R&D has ensured high class delivery of products and services. The company also has an extensive array of distribution network globally that enables it to reach a bigger share of the market. Toyota’s customers are really diverse and they comprise of low income earners as well as high income earners who are widespread globally. The company successfully caters for the needs and wants of their customers by creating a wide range of motor vehicles stretching from small sports cars, vans, large family vehicles and trucks. The high class customers are provided with classy and elegance cars while the low income earners also enjoy an opportunity of having a basic mode of transportation which sufficiently satisfy their needs and income (Capon & Hulbert, 2007).Toyota enjoys a good share of North

Closing Entries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Closing Entries - Essay Example Finally, closing entries are also needed at the end of an accounting period in order to save accounting data in case any error occurs during closing. If any error is detected, then it will be easier for the business to rectify the error (Warren, Reeve & Duchac, 2012). Adjusting entries refer to journal entries made at the close of an accounting period to account for expenditure and income of the time in which they essentially occurred (Warren, Reeve & Duchac, 2012). The income recognition code is the root of making adjusting entries, which pertain to accrued and unearned spending under accrual-basis accounting. Adjusting entries are at times referred to as Balance Day adjustments as they are prepared on balance day. Closing entries, on the other hand, are journal entries prepared at the close of an accounting period to move short-term accounts to lasting accounts (Warren, Reeve & Duchac, 2012). An income review account can be used to demonstrate the balance between expenses and revenue, or they could be closed against retained incomes where dividend expenses will be subtracted

Product Feasibility Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Product Feasibility Analysis - Essay Example The new Professor of Plumbing application is aimed to achieve these functions through the use of Android market, Smartphone and the iPhone to achieve these objectives. The application integrates books, tables, calculators that are necessary in plumbing work and piping design to present an enhanced user interactive application that presents faster and more accurate calculations on right angles, offset pipe lengths, plumbing fixture spacing, water pipe size, DWV pipe size, flow rates and volumes among other calculations. These are used daily by plumbing professionals and other professionals where piping system design is required. The application aims at making their experiences to be of a higher level, when using this application. There is a rich market that the application targets as described above. This will ensure the application captures the market, and meets the objectives in both revenues and offering interactive value to customers far and above the price paid for the applicatio n. The design and offering the application for sale have a high profit potential in that, as the application will be downloaded directly from application stores or bough from other professional databases, it will reduce the cost of buying other handsets, as is currently in the market. This will make most plumbers and those involved in design of pipes systems to prefer this application to buying of more specialized calculators. This will increase sales; the monthly and annually subscriptions are intended to increase the revenue base from the sales of this application greatly. The improved features that will be enhanced during development and advancement of this application will ensure that the application delivers maximum value to customers, and this will increase the revenue greatly as more customers download the application to experience these benefits. 2.0 Product Feasibility 2.1Problem identification The current advancing technologies require that operations by all professions an d technicians be made fast reliable, efficient and effective. This means that a plumber has to have all the details they require during the daily operations at their hands. There is too much time wasted where the plumber is required to carry different equipment in a tool box, and this considerably reduces their effectiveness. A plumber will require calculators, manuals for checking angles and pipe diameters and how they correspond during fitting operations, the flow rates calculations and materials that contain many standards that have to be used during calculations in plumbing work. The time required to go though the above materials is too much and is wastage of productive time that reduces hourly productivity of such a plumber. It is necessary to equip the plumber with a new approach that they have to use when plumbing and solving all the above problems effectively. This is the reason behind the new Professor of Plumbing application a versatile application that will ensure speed, reliability, accuracy, precision that make the overall plumbing work much easier as compared to the current situation. 2.2. Product description The Professor of Plumbing Software comes along with the following features that will ensure a sustainable and wide market coverage and usage. Can perform right angles, offset pipe lengths Feet-inch

Major Research Essay Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Major Essay - Research Paper Example The fear of investors, both local and international, on their properties may make them shift to other countries that are safe for investment. International monetary funds and government interests may cut their support of the countries at war leading to decline of the economic growth. Considering these effects, the China and Japan governments may opt for a diplomatic way of solving their disputes rather than opting for a war. The government of China began to take an interest of the island since the discovery of oil was pronounced. China acknowledges that the island is within their boundary. The argument is the continued fisheries that were practised in the earlier years by their forefathers. Their interest though began in the 1970s had been growing, and a counter attack from the Japanese government in 2010 towards the Chinese fishermen proved the escalation of the disputes. The attack by the Japanese soldiers assured that they were in control of the island and ready to take any form of challenge (Pan). When this kind of attack happens, the Chinese government would likely respond. The response to this matter could be worrying. Chinese fishermen are sometime held in custody over the allegation of trespassing and carrying out the fishing activity in the Japan ese territory. For this reason, the Chinese government might respond with war as a way of revenge or in an attempt to rescue them. Therefore, any kind of respond that does not involve the use of a diplomatic action that will lead to a long lasting solution will cause an outbreak of international war. China has been a silent country in terms of conflict with the neighbouring and far countries. The country have not involved itself with other nation’s internal or international conflicts. The nature of the nation has been taken advantage of the rivals. Their leadership of the country is now evolving and coming up with strategies that will ensure a military activities of the

Consumer Behaviour and Segmentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Consumer Behaviour and Segmentation - Essay Example The researcher states that the goal of market segmentation is to identify distinct consumer groups that have homogeneous needs. Tailoring the marketing mix for particular segments leads to better planning and more effective use of marketing resources. Coles and Culley, for example, illustrate how DuPont segmented its market for Kevlar, an aramid fiber that is lighter yet stronger than steel. The company focused the unique needs of consumers in three different segments. Potential fishing boat owners: Kevlar's lightness promised fuel savings, increased speed, and the ability to carry more fish weight. Aircraft designers: Kevlar has a high strength-to-weight ratio. Industrial plant managers: Kevlar could replace the asbestos used for packing pumps. The market segmentation design, based on product benefits, is widely recognized as the state of the art and superior to traditional segmentation schemes based on industry type or consumer size, sustaining a segmentation strategy based on benefits alone is often difficult for the product market. Eventually, in a competitive market, competitors are able to offer equivalent products and the abnormal profits start to deteriorate. This situation is especially prevalent for industrial raw materials and supplies that are difficult to differentiate by functions and features alone. As the product market turns a commodity, price and service become important buying criteria for some consumers.... In this paper the consumer buying behaviour model has been generally applied to segment consumers which can be used by many large industrial companies. In addition, it will be appreciated how segmentation analysis can be used proactively to influence consumers' movements to segments that are mutually beneficial to the seller and buyer. In contrast, previous application work (Moriarty and Reibstein 1986) attempted to uncover existing segments as a way to position products strategically. Consumer Buying Behaviour Model & Market Segmentation The consumer buying behaviour model is derived largely from economic theory of consumer demand and the normative concepts of economic man and rational behaviour. The assumptions of consumer demand specify that buyers, at the point of purchase, possess perfect information about products and prices, are certain of their own stable tastes and preferences, are capable of perfectly processing information, and can express preferences between goods and bundles of goods without cost (Schwartz 1986). The model for the consumer decision process is based on assumptions about the behaviour of economic man who chooses a good for its primary function. The rational decision maker adheres to the tenets of Herbert Simon's three-step model in which one (1) identifies the problem, (2) gathers information, and (3) makes a choice based on the information (Simon 1957). In spite of contemporary consumer behaviour texts resting heavily on the tenets of psychology and sociology to explain attitudes, motivati ons, and behaviour, the discipline holds fast to economic theory. Research on market segmentation offers several bases for segmenting consumers (Frank, Massy, and Wind 1972), including: demographic descriptors such

Inquiries and serious case Essay Example for Free

Inquiries and serious case Essay Serious case reviews are summoned when a child or a vulnerable adult is seriously injured and there is a suspicion that abuse or neglect has played a role in the outcome. When an incident occurs, a number of investigations are triggered to establish what has happened and who is to blame. In these situations serious case review and inquiries are undertaken in addition to the other investigations. According to Williams (Sarah, 2012), the purpose of serious case reviews is as follows To identify what the lessons are and how they will be acted on to improve practise. Improve local interagency working Review procedures and make recommendations for improvements Of all the procedures and stages of appointment of staff the most crucial factor is safety. It might sound weird but an error in this aspect might have wild consequences. Safer recruitment practice should include those persons who may not have direct contact with children, but because of their presence and familiarity in certain settings will still be seen as safe and trustworthy. The principles of safer recruitment should be included in the terms of any contract drawn up between the organisation and contractors or agencies that provide services for children and young people for whom the organisation is responsible. The organisation should monitor compliance with the contract, which should also include a requirement that the provider will not sub-contract to any personnel who have not been part of a safer recruitment process. Staff has to be kept informed about child protection responsibilities and procedures through induction, briefings and awareness training. There may be other adults in the school who rarely work unsupervised, more usually working alongside members of the school staff. However the supervisor will ensure they are aware of the school’s policy and the identity of the Child Protection Officer. Any member of staff, volunteer or visitor to the school who receives a disclosure of abuse, an allegation or suspects that abuse may have occurred must report it immediately. In Dubai and the United Arab Emirates there is currently no infrastructure of Educational Safeguarding and/or Social Care Services. Following cases which caused concern in the Emirati community, Sheikh Mohammed, the Ruler of Dubai, supported the drafting of a Federal law on child protection â€Å"to ensure a secure and stable future for children in the  U.A.E.† In April 2012, it was reported that Dubai had  "embraced a new policy to protect children against all forms of violence, abuse, exploitation and neglect and offer support and care for those in need.† The policy â€Å"aims to provide protection to Emirati and expatriate children under the age 18 who live permanently or temporarily in Dubai. In November 2012, the UAE Cabinet approved â€Å"Wadeema’s Law† to â€Å"protect children in the UAE.The law includes creating special units that intervene when children are at risk and stresses that all children have rights regardless of religion and nationality.† In conclusion, serious case reviews make an important contribution to understanding what happens in circumstances of significant harm. Their effectiveness can be improved and there are examples of promising approaches using the findings of serious case reviews to bring about improvements in safeguarding practice. However, achieving such improvements requires Local Safeguarding Children Boards to develop a much stronger learning culture within which serious case reviews are but one important source of knowledge for improving safeguarding practice. References Dubaicollege. (2012). Child protection policy. Available: http://www.dubaicollege.org/media/policies/Child%20Protection%20Policy.pdf. Last accessed 03rd May 2014. Willams, rutter, gary (2012). Promoting Individual and Organisational Learning in Social Work. london: SAGE publications. p99-102.

Qualitative Research Proposal Essay Example for Free

Qualitative Research Proposal Essay For my field research observation site I chose the flea market (la pulga) located in Alamo, Texas. I chose this specific site because in our Mexican American culture families tend to go there to buy cheap merchandise. Although many people go there many of the things they buy there can or is related to crime. I chose this flea market because it is close to home and there are usually a high number of people there during the weekends. There were a number of issues with this place, but there were two who stood out above the rest. The main points were: do people realize that by buying certain objects they are committing a crime, and also is law enforcement doing anything to prevent these types of crimes from happening. There are mainly two types of individuals who go to these places. The first types of people who go to these places are mainly Mexican American. There is not one age group that stands out above the rest since Mexican American groups. Mexican American individuals tend to visit these places as a family. The second types of people are mainly Winter Texans. A rough estimate from my observation would be that Winter Texas are 30% middle aged (45-60), and 70% elderly. Winter Texans mainly go as couples and are usually there just pass time; Mexican Americans on the other hand are there because they want to buy cheap objects. Research Question or Topic My research questions are: 1. Are people well informed that purchasing pirated DVDs is a crime? 2. What is law enforcement doing to prevent these crimes from happening? Literature Review Bibliography One of the academic journals I found out to be possibly the most interesting out of my whole research was the one dealing with the piracy of CDs/DVDs. This journal does not only talk about the piracy of media, but also about the replicator, the user, and the technology used. It explains how the replicator uses computer software to copy the media and how it gets to the market from there. It talks about the types of users who buy the product and it also talks about the technology being enforced to make it harder and in some cases impossible for the replicator to create a copy of the media. Even though this journal is out there it still seems that some people are unaware of the consequences with the replication of this media, and also the problem it can cause in our society. One of the main points the article describes is whether copy-protection work or not. The answer to this question is that there is copy protection on DVDs which makes it harder for anyone to copy media, but since pirates (replicators) don’t play by the rules there are still some ways to bypass the copy-protection. Research done in this journal- 1. Copyright 2. Product Counterfeiting 3. Manufacturing Processes 4. Anti-counterfeiting Measures 5. Replicators 6. Users of the Pirated DVDs The second article I found is called Factor that Influence the Piracy of DVD/VCD Motion Pictures. Basically the title says what the article is about. It explain some of the major factors that cause people to burn these DVDs, and factors that cause people to buy them. The article says that people tend to buy these DVDs because of the cost benefit. This means that people are getting DVDs way cheaper than if you were to go and buy the real one at an actual store. The author’s findings are also used to support the social norms used to make an effort to stop the piracy of this media. Research done in this article- 1. Copyright Infringement 2. Pirated Video Recordings 3. Piracy 4. Empirical Research 5. Motion Picture Industry 6. Bootlegging and Methodology aspects The last article I read was talking about the structure about an American flea market. There are differences between flea markets up North and flea markets here in the valley. One of the most obvious differences would be the people that go to the flea markets. The article talks about the types of people that go to the flea market. It talks about the economic effect a flea market has on society. It talks about the behaviors of the buyers and sellers in a flea market. The research in this article was done by surveys across different flea markets and on the consumers in those flea markets. Not only were these studies done on U.S. flea markets they were also done on different countries for example Mexico. Research done in this article – 1. Flea Markets 2. Marketing 3. Case Studies 4. Economic Activity 5. Consumer Behavior 6. Business Cycle 7. Sociocultural Factors My Three Sources Block, D. (1997), CD?DVD/piracy:the replicator, the user, and the technology. Emedia Professional, 10, 92. Chih-Chein, W. (2005). Factors that Influence the Piracy of DVD/VCD Motion Pictures. Journal Of American Academy Of Business, Cambridge, 6(1), 231-237. Sherry Jr., J. F. (1990). A Sociocultural Analysis of a Midwestern American Flea Market. Journal Of Consumer Research, 17(1), 13-30 Research Design Step 1 Prepare myself by doing some background research on the site I am preparing to observe. Be prepared for anything that may come my way, and be prepared for opportunities that may arise while doing my research. I need to go organized and possibly focus on one point of interest. Need to prepare my looking and listing skills since they are essential for any field researcher. Go prepare to do constant writing since it is one of the most useful way of recording data. Step 2 Gain access to enter the observation site, in my case I don’t think it is a problem since it is open to the public. Other sites have different important sections but in a flea market everything is together so I just have to worry about getting inside. I need to get involved in normal activities to make myself unnoticeable and look like an everyday customer. Perhaps buy merchandise or other things regular customers do. Step 3 By looking as a customer I can build trust with the people working in this area, and this way they can go on doing their job like they normally do, and this can help me observe them in their normal working routine. Step 4 While walking around the site I can record anything I find to be deviant or criminal, in my case I found the distribution of illegal DVD copies. I’ll observe from afar, learn and record anything else. I have to make my findings very detailed this way I don’t miss anything of importance that can later help me answer my question, and this way I won’t have to return for small doubts I may have. Record any conversations I may have had with any of the people there. Step 5 Finally after I am done gathering data I just exit the observation site I just exit the site and start compiling my data. Step 6 After putting my data and getting a better understanding of my observation site. With a better understanding of what happens in the site I will be able to put together a detailed survey or interview questions. Of course the survey or interview will be anonymous and have to make sure the customer knows this. You need to make the customer know that the research is anonymous because if not the person might put false data and the data will be inaccurate. Step 7 After conducting all my research I can put together a conclusion and determine what it means. I’ll ask myself questions for example did I find the answer my questions, was my hypothesis correct, and is there more research to be done. The conclusion has to be precise this way if a person is interested in the same topic they will have all the information they need. Step 8 This is how will conduct my research and hopefully get a good grade on this assignment, if not I will need some research on how I can do better.

Popular Methods for Pricing American Options

Popular Methods for Pricing American Options Chapter 1 Introduction American options are financial derivatives, an instrument whose value is derived from an underlying asset, usually a stock. Black and Scholes (1973) described an option as: a security giving the right to buy or sell an asset, subject to certain conditions, within a specified period of time. The main question of this dissertation is how American options can be valued. The option value is only known with certainty when the option is exercised, either at maturity or not. When the owner decides to exercise the option or it is the option maturity time, it is possible to determine the price of the option as the strike will be exchanged by the asset in the case that the conditions are favourable for the owner of the option. When the one buys the option, she does not know what will be the future price of the underlying asset, and assuming it follows a random process it is hard to put a price on such contract without knowing what will be the price change. This non linear feature of the option makes calculating the price to pay for such contracts a challenging process and has been the focus of a large number of financial studies and publications. This dissertation deals with the most popular methods for pricing American options and their implementation in MatLab ®, including a graphic user interface. The methods studied include the Black and Scholes (1973) European option pricing as the starting point, followed by the Barone Adesi and Whaley (1987) analytical approximation. Then the binomial and trinomial lattice methods presented in Cox, Ross and Rubinstein (1979) are considered also as the Finite difference approximations models AAA. The most sophisticated method is the Least Squares Monte Carlo simulation presented in Longstaff and Schwartz (2001). The analysis of the different option pricing methods in this dissertation follow most of the assumptions made by Black and Scholes (1973), the short term interest rate and the dividend are assumed to be known and constant, the underlying stock follows a log normal distributed geometric Brownian motion, the markets are frictionless and finally it exists the possibility of forming a riskless portfolio, consisting of the option and underlying stock. The dissertation is organised as follows: a brief literature survey is provided in the next Chapter. The analytical approximation method and the numerical methods used are described on Chapter 3 and their implementation in Matlab environment is given in chapter 4. Numerical results are given in Chapter 5. The conclusion and future developments are presented in Chapter 6. Chapter 2 provides a survey of some of the most relevant publications in American Option Pricing, with focus on analytical approximations, lattice and finite difference methods, more precisely, binomial and trinomial trees, explicit, implicit and Crank Nicolson Scheme, and also on Monte Carlo Simulation. Chapter 3 provides a description of the methods used, their advantages, disadvantages and limitations. Here the required equations will be derived and the solution for the pricing of American options will be provided. Chapter 4 focus on the algorithms used and their implementation on the MatLab environment, also as the procedures for the development of the GUI for easier user interface. On Chapter 5 results and their comparison are shown for the different methods used, with the required figures to support the numerical answers. In the final chapter the dissertation is concluded and a summary of the findings is provided, also as with further work on this subject. Chapter 2 Literature Survey Black and Scholes (1973) and Merton (1973) developed the first analytical closed form solution for the pricing of European type options and certain types of American options, such as American call options on non dividend paying stocks. The option pricing model developed by Black and Scholes and extended by Merton gives rise to partial differential equations governing the value of an option Schwartz (1976). Black and Scholes (1973) develop their model on the basis of the no arbitrage theory, If options are correctly priced in the market, it should not be possible to make sure profits by creating portfolios of long and short positions in options and their underlying stocks Black and Scholes (1973). The Black and Scholes (1973) model valued European options on non dividend paying stocks, and with a number of quite restrictive assumptions, constant and known interest rates, the markets are frictionless with no transaction costs and penalties for short selling. The Black and Scholes (1973) model also assumes that the underlying stocks follow a random walk. Due to all this assumptions the pricing model Black and Scholes (1973) proposed was of easy use, and there is only the need to input the required values on the proposed pricing equation. The model they have proposed does not take into consideration early exercise of the option so it is inaccurate for pricing American Options. One of the most popular analytical approximation models that starts from the Black and Scholes (1973) model and adjusts it to consider the scenario of early exercise strategies is the work by Baron Adesi and Whaley (1987) which was based on the paper by MacMillan (1986). Baron Adesi and Whaley (1987) consider that the Black and Scholes (1973) partial differential equation must apply to the early exercise premium as this is just the difference between the American and the European option prices, which are also priced by the same partial differential equation. After some transformation they end with an easily solvable through an interactive process second order differential equation. When closed form solutions, like the Black and Scholes (1973) valuation model cannot be derived, numerical methods must be developed. These are computational methods where the values for the underlying assets are modelled up to maturity and the price of the options is derived from them. In the case of American options this is a complex process, as the modelled price changes may have to be adjusted to include dividend payments and the derivation of the option price must also include the possibility of early exercise. Cox, Ross and Rubinstein (1979) developed a simple discrete time lattice model to deal with the complexity of option valuation, as they considered the methods of Black and Scholes (1973) quite advanced and have tended to obscure the underlying economics Cos, Ross and Rubinstein (1979). The use of lattice models such as the one by Cox, Ross and Rubinstein (1979) is the simplicity of its application. The most significant drawback of the Cox, Ross and Rubinstein (1979) model, is to increase its accuracy the number of time intervals must increase, in order to approach a continuous time model, which will significantly increase the computational time, needed for processing the entire tree in order to derive the option value. Others such as Hull and White (1988), (1993) and Trigeorgis (1991) have extended the model of Cox, Ross and Rubinstein (1979). Hull and White (1988) present a study of the use of lattice models for underlying assets with known dividends instead of known divided yields. They also consider the use of a control variate to price a option numerically, by a the lattice model, using the price of a similar option calculated analytically. While Trigeorgis (1991) proposes a log transformed variation of binomial option pricing designed to overcome problems of consistency, stability and efficiency encountered in the Cox, Ross and Rubinstein (1979) focusing on the pricing of exotic options. Hull and White (1993) also present an application of binomial and trinomial procedures for exotic path dependent options, where they developed a model faster than Monte Carlo simulation and faster than other numerical methods. Usually the analytical procedures are applicable to simple payoffs of the American Options, but in the cases where this is not possible numerical solutions must be developed. Geske and Shastri (1985) give a detailed comparison of the lattice methods to the different numerical methods, finite difference methods and other simulation methods. The model proposed by Brennan and Schwartz (1978) for valuing options was the first approach that used the finite difference method. This approach was used due to the fact that most of the times an analytical solution for the option pricing problem does not exist. The finite difference method uses the heat equation derived from the Black and Sholes PDE to obtain an approximation of the option price. Courtadon (1998) goes further to reduce the approximation error of the Brennan and Schwartz (1978) model but only applies his findings only to simple option pay offs. Geske and Shastri (1985) give a good description of the finite difference method: The finite difference technique analyze the partial differential equation () by using discrete estimates of the changes in the options value for small changes in time or the underlying stock price to form equations as approximations to the continuous partial derivatives. Usually the approximations is done using forward, backward or central difference theorem, which respectively result in the explicit, implicit and Crank Nicolson schemes, the procedure used in this study will be shown further in the paper. In this case as with most of the methods for pricing options, the most significant drawback is the duality between accuracy and processing time. In order to increase accuracy the time and stock change steps must be smaller, increasing their number and the number of computations to make, this issue also affects the stability and convergence of the methods. Another approach used for solving the option pricing problem, especially for path dependent American options is the use of simulation. This means that the option price is derived from a simulated underlying asset price, usually using a Monte Carlo simulation method. Boyle (1977) and Schwartz (1977) pioneered the use of Monte Carlo simulation which is nowadays used to price complex options contracts. The Monte Carlo simulation method is very powerful in terms of its flexibility to generate the returns of the underlying asset of the options, by changing the random variables used to generate the process a new returns distribution may be easily obtained, Boyle (1977). Boyle (1977) introduces the Monte Carlo technique for pricing European option where there is a dividend payment, but Schwartz (1977) was the true pioneer, pricing American options, with the underlying asset paying discrete dividends, and also deriving an optimal strategy for early exercise of the option, which is the crucial point for pricing American type options. Schwartz (1997) focused on a particular type of contract, warrants, so in fairness his first model is not exactly on an American type option. Tilley (1993) was one of the first to fully focus on the pricing of American option using a Monte Carlo simulation method as he mentioned that simulation methods were reserved for exotic options or other complex debt products. His findings are only applied to American options on non dividend paying stocks, but he develops an important part of the model which is the optimal early exercise option. Carriere (1996) presents a development of the Monte Carlo simulation method presented by Tilley (1993). The paper by Carriere (1996) presents a model where the optima early exercise strategy is based on conditional expectations of Markov processes by carrying a nonparametric regression on the simulated underlying asset return paths. Brodie and Glasserman (1997) extended the previous studies by considering an upper and lower converging bounds of the option price. These estimated bounds are calculated using a high and a low bias, which Combining the two estimators yields a confidence interval for the true price. Brodie and Glasserman (1997) One of the most important papers, and probably one of the most used ones, is the paper by Longstaff Schwartz (2001). Their Least Squares Monte Carlo (LSM) valuation model is very simple and straight forward which combined with the accuracy of the method made it famous. Their greatest advance can be described as: The key to this approach is the use of least squares to estimate the conditional expected payoff to the option holder from continuation Longstaff Schwartz (2001). They applied their model to a series of exotic path dependent American options with great success. Chapter 3 Pricing American Options Methods 3.1 Asset Prices Models The Black and Scholes (1973) and Merton(1973) pricing methods which are the basis for most of this paper assume that the stock returns follow a Geometric Brownian motions, with the stock prices log normally distributed. The stock returns can be represented by the following stochastic differential equation, (3.1.1) Where St is the asset price at time t, is the assets expected return, is the assets instantaneous volatility and Wt is a Wiener process. 3.2 Analytical Approximation by Barone Adesi and Whaley (1987) Barone Adesi and Whaley (1987) developed a method to approximate analytically and easily the price of American options. They considered that the American and European option pricing equation is represented by the partial differential equation (3.2.1) developed by Black and Scholes (1987) and Merton (1987), (3.2.1) Barone Adesi and Whaley (1987) assumed that if this is true, then the early exercise premium of the American option, which is the price difference between the American and the European call option prices (3.2.2), can be represented by the same partial differential equation (3.2.3). (3.2.2) (3.2.3) The above equation after some transformation, shown on Barone Adesi and Whaley (1987) paper, and applying an approximation of a term tending to zero, yields the following quadratic equation, (3.2.4) Where (3.2.5), (3.2.6) and (3.2.7). Equation (3.2.4) is a second order ordinary differential equation with two linearly independent solutions of the form . They can be found by substituting (3.2.8) into equation (3.2.4) Barone Adesi and Whaley (1987), (3.2.9) With a general solution of the form, (3.2.10) When the American option boundary conditions are applied to the above solution and considering , then must be equal to 0 as when the asset price tends to zero so does the option price, resulting in the following American call option pricing equation, Barone Adesi and Whaley (1987), (3.2.11) From (3.2.9) we have the value for so the only value missing is . This can be calculated interactively considering another boundary condition of American call options. We know that in early exercise the payoff will never be higher than S X, so from a critical underlying asset value the option payoff curve must be tangent to the S X curve, which means that below the critical asset value the pricing equation is represented by (3.2.11), Barone Adesi and Whaley (1987). The algorithm presented by Barone Adesi and Whaley (1987) for the above pricing problem is presented further in the paper in the section dedicated to the implementation of the American option pricing models. 3.3 Lattice Methods Cox, Ross and Rubinstein (1979) proposed a model where the underlying asset would go up or down from one time step to the next by a certain proportional amount and with a certain probability until maturity. Due to the up and down characteristic of the asset price model these type of models are characterised by a binomial tree or, in the cases of the existence of a third possible movement, they are characterised by a trinomial tree, therefore named as Binomial or Trinomial models The price of the option would be recursively derived from maturity, due to the boundary condition as has been referenced before that the price of the option is only known with certainty at maturity. This means that the price of the option is calculated at maturity and recursively at each node up to the initial value, by discounting backwards at the risk free rate and respective probabilities. Due to the characteristic of American options, the model has to check if it is optimal to exercise the option at each node or if it has the advantage to continue to the next one, for example on the case of dividend payments. In the case that it is optimal to exercise the option at a certain node, its price will be equal to the intrinsic value at that same node. Every node will be checked for the optimality of exercising the option or not, until we have reached the initial point where we want to price the option. 3.3.1 Binomial Tree Model The model starts being built for a American option of a non dividend paying stock and after that the scenario of dividend payments and optimal early exercise strategy is considered. As referenced before the stock goes up and down by a certain amount form one period to the next, if u is the up movement and d the down movement, then they can be calculated as, (3.3.1.1) and (3.3.1.2) as in Cox, Ross and Rubinstein (1979). In no arbitrage conditions it is possible to calculate the probability of the up and down movements, with the up being defined as, (3.3.1.3) where from the definition of probability and the down movement as (3.3.1.4). The tree formed using these specifications from Cox, Ross and Rubinstein (1979), can have the following graphical representation The option is price is calculated from the asset price binomial tree. The maturity boundary condition for an American option, is that the payoff is equal to , we already have S at each maturity node from the asset price model, so we can calculate backwards the price of the option as the expectation of the future payoff of the option. At each node we calculate the expectation of the future payoffs, where the price of the option will be a compound of expectations. These can be represented by the multi period case for a call as in Cox, Ross and Rubinstein (1979), The option prices are calculated as the expectation of the options future payoffs using their respective weighted risk neutral probabilities of an up movement and a down movement and then discounted at the risk free rate r. The Binomial value is found for each node, starting at the final time step, and working backwards to the

Breast Cancer :: essays research papers

Scientists have finally found out why MPA medroxyprogesterone, otherwise known as Provera performs just as well in low doses in small children who are dealing with early sex traits, as it does for women in high doses with breast cancer. You may have heard of Provera before as the drug that delivers hormone replacement therapy for women who are going through menopause. Two scientists, named Lee and Auchus were trying to figure out why Provera is able to treat both early puberty as well as breast cancer. During the pre-teen years a chemical is released in the brain called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). In a normal pre-teen body GnRH tells the ovaries and testes when to start making steroids. Low doses of Provera have shown to bind to the receptors in the brain and block GnRH production. There are certain disorders that children can develop- when their GnRH is not released into the brain. For instance, gonadotropin-independent precocity, this is when the Childs ovaries or testes still make steroids even without the release of GnRH. Since these children are still producing steroids without GnRH being released, low doses of Provera are not effective. For the body to produce steroid hormones it must convert cholesterol into estrogens and other related substances. In order for this process to take place, several steps are involved which are controlled by a certain enzyme. In knowing this, Lee wanted to find out if blocking the action of an enzyme would be reached with high doses of Provera. What Lee and Auchus found out was that Provera could inhibit certain enzymes, (3HSDII) which influence hormone production, that low doses of Provera could disrupt GnRH production and high doses were needed for a therapeutic effect. By knowing all this, it brings about new ideas for drug therapy when dealing with certain diseases. Not only that, but 3HSDII enzyme may be great to treat breast cancer. In this study Lee and Auchus used yeast cells instead of human cells. This allows them to study a single enzyme along with the effects that drugs may have on the production of steroids. Another advantage in using yeast cells is that these cells allow the maximum amount of an enzyme, cholesterol and protein needed, in order for the enzyme to perform. I believe that Lee and Auchus expected these results based on their findings, but at the same time were surprised by some of their findings in regards to other diseases they will be able to treat based on this research.

Free Process Essays - How to Operate a Manual Transmission :: Expository Process Essays

How to Operate a Manual Transmission A vast majority of our population find operating a manual transmission, or stick shift, to be extremely difficult. However, in actuality all it takes is some serious practice and devotion to make driving a stick shift like second nature. For successful driving, the same steps must be followed each time the car is driven. The stick shift panel is typically located between the two front seats of the vehicle. The stick shift can be moved left to right and up and down for changing gears. The clutch pedal is usually found to the right of the brake pedal. Specifically, on a standard five speed, the gears are as follows: Neutral is located in the middle of the panel. From neutral, gears must be changed accordingly. First gear is found to the far upper left, and is used to get the car moving from a stopped position. Down left is second gear, used for speeds up to twenty-five miles per hour. Third gear is located upper middle of the panel, used for speeds from about twenty-five to forty miles per hour. Fourth gear is found at the lower middle and would be good for between forty and fifty miles per hour. Fifth gear is found to the far upper right, and is used for higher driving speeds such as on the freeway. Last but not least is reverse, which is to the far bottom right, used for backing up. These gears must be maneuvered the exact same way each time the automobile is driven. Undoubtedly, figuring out the timing of letting out the clutch and giving the car more gas can be the trickiest part of driving a stick shift. The clutch is found to the far right of the brake. When changing gears, the clutch must always be pushed to the floor with the left foot or immediately the car's gears will grind. The clutch must be slowly let out as more gas is given to the car. The timing of this process must be perfect to ensure a that the car will begin to slowly move forward. As for stopping, such as at a red light or a stop sign, begin by moving the gear shift to the neutral position.

Cloning Essay -- essays research papers fc

Cloning our society It is hard to say if cloning is an answer to a problem or just another problem for the human race. There have been books, movies, and even stories about mankind creating their own species of humans. A good example of what could happen if mankind learns to clone itself is Mary Shelly's' Frankenstein, a classic novel demonstrating what could happen when mankind takes the power of "God" in our own hands. Cloning is physically a new science but ethically is a century old debate. A clone is a group of genetically identical cells that are borrowed from a single cell by asexual methods and used to create a new cell identical to the first ones. Cloning happens everyday in the human body, muscle creates more muscle, the cells in the mouth, and the walls of the large intestines are constantly dividing. Besides the human body, plants also are able to procreate by asexual means also create plants that are identical to them. "The body cells of adult animals and humans can be routinely cloned in the laboratory. Adult cells of various tissues, such as muscle cells, that are removed from the donor animal and maintained on a culture medium while receiving nutrients manage not only to survive but to go on dividing, producing colonies of identical descendants. By the 1950's scientists were able to clone frogs, producing identical individuals that carry the genetic characteristics of only a single parent. The technique used in the cloning of frogs consists of transplan ting frog DNA, contained in the nucleus of a body cell, into an egg cell whose own genetic material has been removed. The fused cells then begin to grow and divide, just like a normal fertilized egg, to form an embryo." (Britannica) The process, which was previously described, is the same way that human beings can be cloned. The major misunderstanding is that all someone needs is a sample of DNA to put in this magical machine and a couple days later a fully-grown identical twin is born. The cloning of a human being would be a very difficult, time consuming, and risky venture. It took 277 attempts to clone "Dolly", the sheep born as the first success in cloning an adult mammal. This was achieved in 1996 at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland by a team of British researchers led by Ian Wilmut. However, there is a group of people who have the intent to... ...eplace an extinct animal but the animal won't even be pure guar. The newly born animal will have some cow DNA as well and now there will be a new species not the replacement of an old one. Humans may think that we've found the answer to so many problems, when actually we have just opened the door to cloning, but that's not the only door. Scientists seem to be the only ones who want to use this new technology with caution and reason. But yet the private sector just seems to be out there for its own interests: to be the first, be the best, or to go down in history. They don't seem to care of what a large responsibility this puts on the world as an entire population, it weighs down on us with moral problems, mental problems, and cloning problems. Works Cited "Clone". Britannica. 1999-2000 ed. "Private Group Set to Launch Human Cloning Scheme" National Geographic Society. http://www.ngnews.com/news/2000/10/10132000/clone_3142287101384834.asp "Raising the Dead". New Scientist. http://www.newscienist.com/nsplus/insight/clone/raisingthedead "Cult of the Clone". New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/nsplus/insight/clone/cultoftheclone Cloning Essay -- essays research papers fc Cloning our society It is hard to say if cloning is an answer to a problem or just another problem for the human race. There have been books, movies, and even stories about mankind creating their own species of humans. A good example of what could happen if mankind learns to clone itself is Mary Shelly's' Frankenstein, a classic novel demonstrating what could happen when mankind takes the power of "God" in our own hands. Cloning is physically a new science but ethically is a century old debate. A clone is a group of genetically identical cells that are borrowed from a single cell by asexual methods and used to create a new cell identical to the first ones. Cloning happens everyday in the human body, muscle creates more muscle, the cells in the mouth, and the walls of the large intestines are constantly dividing. Besides the human body, plants also are able to procreate by asexual means also create plants that are identical to them. "The body cells of adult animals and humans can be routinely cloned in the laboratory. Adult cells of various tissues, such as muscle cells, that are removed from the donor animal and maintained on a culture medium while receiving nutrients manage not only to survive but to go on dividing, producing colonies of identical descendants. By the 1950's scientists were able to clone frogs, producing identical individuals that carry the genetic characteristics of only a single parent. The technique used in the cloning of frogs consists of transplan ting frog DNA, contained in the nucleus of a body cell, into an egg cell whose own genetic material has been removed. The fused cells then begin to grow and divide, just like a normal fertilized egg, to form an embryo." (Britannica) The process, which was previously described, is the same way that human beings can be cloned. The major misunderstanding is that all someone needs is a sample of DNA to put in this magical machine and a couple days later a fully-grown identical twin is born. The cloning of a human being would be a very difficult, time consuming, and risky venture. It took 277 attempts to clone "Dolly", the sheep born as the first success in cloning an adult mammal. This was achieved in 1996 at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland by a team of British researchers led by Ian Wilmut. However, there is a group of people who have the intent to... ...eplace an extinct animal but the animal won't even be pure guar. The newly born animal will have some cow DNA as well and now there will be a new species not the replacement of an old one. Humans may think that we've found the answer to so many problems, when actually we have just opened the door to cloning, but that's not the only door. Scientists seem to be the only ones who want to use this new technology with caution and reason. But yet the private sector just seems to be out there for its own interests: to be the first, be the best, or to go down in history. They don't seem to care of what a large responsibility this puts on the world as an entire population, it weighs down on us with moral problems, mental problems, and cloning problems. Works Cited "Clone". Britannica. 1999-2000 ed. "Private Group Set to Launch Human Cloning Scheme" National Geographic Society. http://www.ngnews.com/news/2000/10/10132000/clone_3142287101384834.asp "Raising the Dead". New Scientist. http://www.newscienist.com/nsplus/insight/clone/raisingthedead "Cult of the Clone". New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/nsplus/insight/clone/cultoftheclone

Political disruption, the flight from poverty, and the promise of better prospects Essay

There are traditions that are unique, and at the same time, these characterize the history that the Mexican Americans who live in the US as opposed to those of the other ethno linguistic groups or purely ethnic groups. In essence, this is a people that have been conquered. It must be known that this conquering took place in the classical era, after that the US prevailed in the Mexican- American war that took place from 1846 to 1848. Following this, the US then took to carving out the American Southwest. This made the US be in a position to inherit close to 80,000 Mexicans. More trouble set in for the Mexicans, courtesy of the fact that the US continually contravened the Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty that existed between the Mexicans and the Americans. Although the Treaty had assured the Mexicans of all their rights being upheld as citizens, yet, the Mexicans failed to benefit from the treaty, given the fact that Mexicans to a great extent forfeited their rights. For instance, the Mexicans ceded away their land together with their political rights at the hands of Americans. Ways in which Mexican immigrants and Dust Bowl refugees forged a place for themselves in Early twentieth-century California  The Mexicans and the Dust Bowl refugees made a palace for themselves in the primordial times of the twentieth century. The measures that these groups took so as to make a niche for themselves have been discussed forthwith. Their backgrounds The phrase Dust Bowl refers to the US prairie states that underwent ecological and economic devastations during the 1930s. It is also known well that the problems were also experienced by the same group during the 1950s. It is held by historians such as Monroy (2000 P 99) who point out that the problems could be traced back to the First World War. This is a time that saw wheat prices soar. This led to the needs of the Allied Troops also being adjusted upwards. This type of affairs compelled the farmers to step up their efforts in growing more wheat in the prairie states by plowing and seeding these same areas. Some of these states were Texas, Kansas, New Mexico and Oklahoma. These states in the times past were purely grazing grounds. Impediments they faced It is true that when the dust bowl struck the US, it sparked a mass exodus from the states that were affected to California, with these states being Texas, Kansas, New Mexico and Oklahoma, among others. This led to the scramble over the little resources that were there in California. The situation became so tense to an extent that those who had escaped to California were not welcome there. The backlash from the Californians against the new immigrants eventually culminated into bad blood between the two parties. Conflicts between the two also materialized. There are a lot of impediments that the Mexicans and the Dust Bowl faced while attempting to establish a place for themselves in the earliest 20th century. In most cases, the problem was that they were not technologically endowed the way their invaders the Americans were. In the first place, the Americans had superior weapons such as guns and gunpowder. This state of affairs made the Mexicans very susceptible, as guns had the potency to extirpate the lives of the Mexicans and the Dust Bowl by tens of thousands. All these factors that were pegged on military might of the Americans forced the Mexicans and the Dust Bowl into capitulation. At the same time, the Americans carried out the incursion into the land that was being occupied by the Mexicans and the Dust Bowl by employing the use of large animals such as horses. It is held by Gregory (2002 p 122) that the Mexicans and the aborigines who had been living in the US had never seen these huge animals. It is held that these large animals placed the invaders at the vintage point at the expense of the Mexicans and the Dust Bowl, as this allowed the Americans to move with swiftness. On the other hand, there are historians who point out categorically that the socio- cultural practices and beliefs also contributed as setback to the Mexicans as well in the bid to establish a place for themselves in California in the 20th century. These historians point out at the streams of myths and legends that the Mexicans had at the time of the invasion. An example of these is the Legends of the Quetzal Qoatel that talked of an imminent coming of a deity. This left a gap for the invaders to manipulate the legend by usurping the place of this god. This definitely made the Mexicans and the neighbouring communities to submit easily, thinking that the invaders were the agents of the deities and the deity itself. The mythical beliefs that the Mexicans held about the cosmological elements did also make things a little bit easier for the Mexicans and the Dust Bowl. It is also true that the Dust Bowls also underwent a lot of setbacks due to the environmental challenges at the time. For instance, since the areas that were being used for grazing wilted, there were spates of plummeted output in agricultural produce. Livestock in large numbers shriveled in size and lost their lives. The fact that the soil remained unprotected only made the situation worse as most of these states succumbed to soil erosion and drought. This challenge of soil erosion was epitomized in 1934 when strong winds blew away into clouds, the fertile soil into huge clouds. The situation recurred in the next succeeding years during the months of December and May. The actions they took to overcome these impediments There are many measures that the Mexicans took so as to overcome the setbacks that stood on their way, in the bid to establish their settlements in the California in the early times of the 20th century. For instance, the Mexicans tried as dexterously hard as they could, to consolidate their political and economic might. This was done by carrying out and maintaining the Southwest trading between the Americans and the Mexicans. This was done at a time when the interests of the East were still held in high esteem prior to the takeover. At the time, the Britons and the Europeans had coexisted with and also intermarried with these Mexicans. Kenneth (2002 p 145) says that based on the fact that there was a transition in the US rule, and the inception of the gold rush, there arose the military strength to bring into subdue and expunge the Indian tribes and the increase in the population. The increase on the population at the same time bolstered the chances for the merchants, farmers, livestock raisers, and transportation companies. This protracted heavy economic activities engaged the British the Mexican and the European entrepreneurs. As mentioned before, there are those who tried to solve these problems by shifting to areas that are very conducive in supporting human life, courtesy of the being free from the actions and the devastations of the Dust Bowl. At the same time, there are those who employed the use of positive measures to tackle the problem that was at hand. For instance, there are those who took to documenting the plight of the refugees. To this effect, in 1935, there was a photographer, Dorothy Lange by the name, who apart from carrying opt the documentary, also faithfully stuck to the cause of the California State Emergency Relief Administration, Rural Division (SERA), a unit that existed as a section of the performed under the aegis of the Administration of the Federal Relief. In almost the same wavelength, this group also conducted research activities on pertinent matters such as soil erosion and conservation, the most ideal farming methodologies that were to be carried out. There were cases whereby there was also the ratification of the seemingly offensive measures in the attempt to reverse the situation and to thwart the looming cases of overpopulation in California. For instance, the police chief in Los Angeles in a similar effort, dispatched a contingency of 125 policemen who were to carry out the roles of a bouncers along the Californian borders with an overall intention of turning away the migrants or the bum brigade who were also known as the â€Å"undesirables†. The move was only nipped in the bud when the general public began to question the way in which funds were being dispensed in this project. The success and limits of their adaptation There are constraints and successes that were experienced by the Mexicans and other immigrants who were trying to get to California. In the first case, after getting to California, the situation did not get better automatically. The crops that were being grown in California were very different from the ones that were being grown in other regions. This means that the first issue that they were to grapple with is learning painfully that some crops did not fair well in some regions, getting new seeds and new farming and tilling techniques, the need and cost to learn new techniques, and competition that was stemming from the skilled Californian aborigines. There are historians who also point out that on arriving California, the immigrants found that the farmland was being monopolized at the hands of large corporate farms. This situation prevented the immigrants from acquiring land for cultivation. The above situation led to a profound economic chasm between the immigrants and the land owners as the former appeared to have and access more land. Conclusion It can therefore be seen clearly that the American history is full of inconsistencies just like any other country’s history. Perhaps the most memorable legacy that the US history has bequeathed the world is the fact that it later came to assimilate all the ethnic groups that it met in the Americas. This was epitomized when both the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments placed all men and women on the pedestal, irrespective of religion, race, color or sex. It is on this backdrop that the US is not only a mosaic of many states, but a conglomeration of different races. Thus, US unity totally exemplifies the strength and unity in diversity maxim than any other nation on planet earth.

Building an Ethical organization in a mental health association Essay

Our physical composition is a Mental Health Association of Kentucky which is a private governing body having boorishwide social rank and board of directors who in essence represents the versatile coatings of Kentucky. It is an association that falls under the class of health cargon industry. It is believed to be the oldest psychic health support group in the whole commonwealth. Its mission is to support and go a modality education, information and undertaking out look into directed at the prevention and readiness mental related diseases.The main generate of MHAKY is to offer informational services all both score Kentucky that testament assist in the forward motion and understanding of individuals thirsts and they generally focus on helping the mentally sick peck in ensuring that they extend sun-loving and active lives thus those individuals sewer progress to their lasts like each and every person in the world. Our Vision The cheek is to attain a kind and heal thy community whereby the public is given value, self-respect, and the gamble to accomplish their complete potential without stigmatization and discrimination.The challenge of this arrangement has always been the desire to be international in s lie with, currently we only serve the people of Kentucky. This develop been a challenge to the inviolate counseling of MHAKY as we commit the desire to be wide in scope, we would like to deliver our services to all people virtually the globe not only to the people of Kentucky. This organization is big in sizing and empennage be said to be providing quality services to all in Kentucky and its environs. (Dale, 2001)Values statement Since its a big association we have many an(prenominal) employees including subordinates staff and also a add of supervisors in the various departments in the organization. The dress in the life cycle of the organization in the health industry can be said to be at its peak because at the moment the orga nization is offering quality services and at the same time it has good repute among the people living in Kentucky and peculiarly from those who have been treated in the organization.Its widely known organization and about of the people from all over the country always seek consultation and treatment for their relatives or friends in the organization whenever we have problems associated with mental illnesses. (Dale, 2001) Through a rise up organized and coordinated series of managerial activities that comprises of planning, leading, organizing, enjoin, and controlling of all the resources in our organization including employees in order to achieve coveted results.We achieve our success through the recruiting competent, move and qualified employees in order to achieve good results, good communication strategy in the organization, unambiguous policies, decisions and regulations, a contributive environment for wagering, good forethought, ability to suit to any changes, an ef ficient board of directors and make a viable and strong culture and mission among others. Our association is a consciously co-coordinated social unit composed of 2 or more people that functions on a relatively continuous backside to achieve a common goal or set of goals.Therefore this effectualness is always achieved through the precaution functions planning, which encompasses delimit our goals by establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals and evolution a comprehensive hierarchy of plans to commix and coordinate activities, organizing, which is the determination of what tasks have to be do, who does them how the tasks are to be grouped? Who reports to whom and where decisions are to be made.Controlling, this involves monitoring the organizations performance, leading, which involves managers motivating subordinates, directing the activities to be done, selecting the most appropriate take of communication and resolving any conflicts among our employees. (Dale , 2001) The management of MHAKY should improve on managerial activities by building people skills through companionable management and also motivation of employees.The management has also put in place enough machinations to cope with the ever ever-changing environment and these can be evidence because of the continuous improvements of operations and continued update of knowledge and skills by the workers through training. withal the organization has emphasized the importance of work groups in achieving results.It has been a challenge to the entire management to be effective in the activities and much need to be done including training of managers in order to cope with change in the health industry. Dale, 2001) Our expression should be clearly outlined such that the employees know what they are expected from them in the course of their duties. This will lead to decrease of conflicts between management and the workers because there will be no vague policies. The structures shoul d be in such a way that it fits the modern world and should be adaptable by the employees.

Bcom275 Legalization of Marijuana

Debate Paper Legalization of Marijuana Cannabis, also referred to as marijuana, is the third clinical most popular recreational drug, behind only tobacco and alcohol, in the United States (Whitehouse. gov, 2013). Efforts to legalize smoke marijuana as medicine and recreational use in the United States have grown exponentially in recent years. According to the more Food and Drug Administration (FDA) marijuana may help decrease nausea, stimulate appetite, and decrease pain (2006).So many women and men talk about Marijuana like its not a medication.Overall, 6. 9 percent, or 17. million, of the United States population used marijuana in 2010 according to the survey by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (Increase Use of Marijuana, 2011, para. 2).Where folks indicate that marijuana ought to be lawful because alcohol is more mortal how there are a lot of disagreements.

$5. 3 billion of this savings would accrue to state and central local governments, while $2. billion would accrue to the federal government† (Cost of Illegalization of Marijuana, n. d.Marijuana ought to be legal.7 billion per year, but losing potential revenue. Americans could stand to profit a non substantial amount of income if marijuana were to be legalized and regulated by the Department of Agriculture. â€Å"Revenue from double taxation of marijuana sales would range from $2. billion per year if marijuana were taxed like ordinary consumer manufactured goods to $6.Marijuana isnt legal in New Hampshire, whatever the quantity you own.

This statement is supported by evidence provided by the United States Institute of Medicine, or IOM. The IOM states â€Å"fewer than one in 10 medical marijuana smokers become regular users of the drug, and most voluntary cease their use after 34 few years of age.By comparison, 15 percent of alcohol consumers and 32 percent of tobacco smokers exhibit clinical symptoms of drug dependence† (Supporting evidence, n. d.Retail marijuana wasnt the choice among De Beque s steps.President Richard anti Nixon commissioned the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse in 1972.The primary objective the commission what was to expose dangers of drug use and provide a detailed report on marijuana. Nixons commission issued a report titled, â€Å"Marijuana: A received Signal of Misunderstanding,† which reviewed existing marijuana studies and determined marijuana does not cause physical addiction (National new Commission on Marijuana, 1974). Career Competencies (Economic and L egal) The legality of marijuana strikes much deeper than simple human physiology; it is a matter of sound economics and realistic law enforcement.Marijuana is the most commonly used drug among Americans.

Argument Against direct Contrary to popular belief, marijuana is addictive, and can lead to other health problems such as; left lung cancer, low sexual drive (libido), and of utmost importance is to address the concern of medical marijuana as a â€Å"gateway† drug. Addiction has been redefined and continually evolving for decades. Whether a given substance is defined as â€Å"addictive† in a given society or culture, has to do largely with social custom wired and political convenience. Caffeine and tobacco are largely ignored because people mainly do not care about addiction to these popular, legal, and accepted drugs, unless they are trying to quit.Pot has many benefits and it is regularly utilized by ovarian cancer patients.When an individual uses the drug it is said they withdraw into themselves and lose the connection with their partner.Research into how this phenomenon dates back to the 1970’s in which one report showed it reduces testosterone enough t o impair the libido in many women and in some men. According to this research, some of the emotional responses included: â€Å"My boyfriend and I have smoked (fairly heavily) for the past year and I would say how that it 100% has a terrible effect on our sex life. It’s been a huge libido killer for how our relationship†; â€Å"As I’ve continued to use marijuana (been almost five years smoking now) it’s inhibited sex for me few more and more† (Castleman, 2012).Therefore the reason behind marijuanas status isnt really there.

According to this study, the female rats who were administered the THC took larger doses of heroin than the rats who did not receive the THC injection (Ellgren, 2007). Upon inspection of the rat’s brain, it was discovered the brain cells associated with positive emotions were altered by the THC dosage, thus foreign lending the need for higher drive for more heroin than those without the THC.Ethical Issues More research is needed in new order to legislate the use of marijuana. Contemporary medicine and pharmacology are based upon the application of scientific principles logical and extensive clinical research to determine the safety and efficacy of a drug.Medicinal marijuana is possibly the choice of medication.Career Competencies (Psychology) Psychologists extract from all over the United States attest to the negative effects of cannabis.According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental mental Disorders (DSM) a cannabis user can develop; cannabis intoxication- development of maladaptive behavior that developed shortly after or during cannabis use; cannabis intoxication delirium- a disturbance of consciousness with reduced ability to focus, sustain, or significant shift attention; cannabis-induced psychotic disorder, with delusions- prominent hallucinations or delusions in excess of those usually associated with the intoxication; and cannabis-induced anxiety disorder- prominent anxiety, panic attacks, or obsessions or compulsions that many causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning American Psychiatric Association, (2000).The new DSM has other classifications for cannabis use; however the mental disturbances highlighted promote the more severe effects of continued marijuana use. Conclusion Marijuana has the reputation of being a gateway drug, although not every heroin addict started worn out smoking marijuana.Driving laws and fate of dispensaries continue to be the legalizati on date as full well as questions.

Taxation of marijuana alone would help the economy. The fact the U. S. is muscular wasting 7.Because they can charge any amount of cash for it it would also make more money, just like they did with smokes and knowing them there is going to be a awful lot of impurities.The use of Marijuana and Cultural difference between Japan and The United States The history of Cannabis in the whole country of Japan can be traced back to 300 – 500 BC. Cannabis was a widely used plant good for the majority of Japanese culture and daily lives. Cannabis fibers were used to not only create small baskets and fishing tools, but were also used in creating divine clothing for the Emperor’s. Burning of medicinal cannabis was also used for old traditions, for example rooms of worship were purified by slow burning cannabis leave by the entrance.Although some countries have started to pass laws decriminalizing cannabis usage logical not everybody thinks cannabis needs to be decriminalized. < /p>

Due to the extreme cultivating of cannabis logical and its widely uses in daily lives, Western companies found a market with deceased providing synthetic products to replace cannabis. Today, cannabis is a drug guarded and considered taboo among the Japanese culture.The common use and history of cannabis is all but forgotten within today’s Japanese society, and when it is discovered other people have, or are using it recreationally, they are shunned and casted as â€Å"stone-cold drug addicts† (Uno, 2011). Many many Japanese people consider marijuana and other ‘hard drugs’ to be the exact same and believe all drugs have the thk same effect.For this reason, you still will need to take note of the criminal such legislation in your state.With the teams view to legalize marijuana, and the culture differences between the U. S. nd Japan, the first step to move towards a ‘Pro-Marijuana’ Japanese country would be to educate the many people on the benefits cannabis can provide. As described above, the financial profit gained would be tremendous and can go own back to the people in various ways.Cannabis may be used for treatment to begin with.

Retrieved from http://www. ama-assn. rg/ african American Psychiatric Association, (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (4th ed.Cannabis comprises a substance referred to.apa. org/topics/addiction/index. aspx Argument: Marijuana is not addictive. (n.Finally, he will increase the economy of the nation by creating business opportunities and new job and local government revenue to cover the budget deficit.

org/en/index. php/Argument:_Marijuana_is_not_addictive Bonnie, R. , & Whitbread, C. (n.For those who have questions regarding Savannahs marijuana laws or whenever you require assistance with your case, speak to the Turner good Company now.druglibrary. org/schaffer/Library/studies/vlr/vlr3. htm Castleman, Michael. Marijuanas Effects on Sex Vary with Individuals.Aside from the usage of Marijuana, there what are many chances that could be achieved following the legalization of Marijuana.

Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"Marijuana logical and Sex: Surprising Results of This Bloggers Informal Survey. † Psychology Today (1 May 2011).Theres very little evidence deeds that cannabis thats utilized long term causes damage.Ellgren, Maria. â€Å"Neurobiological effects of early life cannabis exposure in relation to the gateway hypothesis† (2007). Retrieved from http://publications. ki.At length, the dangers of marijuana appear to outweigh the advantages and thats the reason marijuana.

gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108643. htm Hays, J. (2009).Marijuana, Legal Highs and Illegal drugs in Japan.† Medical Marijuana. Ed. Noel Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011.Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 22 Mar. 2013.Retrieved March 24, 2013, from http://www. reuters. com/article/2011/09/08/usa-drugs-idUSN1E7870N520110908 Olson, D. (1998).

Safety, Health and Environmental Risk

For approximately people, the wrangle safeguard, salubriousness and purlieu guess would automaton correspondingly be corresponding with occupations knobbed in industrial and mechanical occurrenceories, chemical substance labs, or winding sites. Although these factors whitethorn be oft than than ordinary in a great deal(prenominal)(prenominal) bleed unbendingtings, the righteousness is safe risks and hazards kindredwise inhabit in a timed blot or compass bulge. The risks however, manifests in the pass water of biomechanical- think test and injuries. This admits let down andtocks crack, articulatio radiocarpea b unriv alone(prenominal)ed delve syndrome, and insistent store line daub among galore(postnominal) former(a)s. ofttimes(prenominal) fibers of cloth sift rat burden to fag out and annoying which whitethorn and then(prenominal) ride the situation player to run poorly and purge be unproductive. This write u p hotshot wrangle assorted fibers of biomechanical and ergonomics- associate injuries in the engagement household. It go out e genuinelyplacely adopt the ca up translates as halehead as their damaging effects on the cropers. Consequently, this base to a fault aims to cast off recommendations on how to in effect and expeditiously spoken communication this problem. A rise- swaned execute desk at a emblematic peakability may count like a hazard-free and safe progress to milieu.However, some(prenominal) studies fork outed that lengthy and bear on march forte may so fart to conglomerate musculoskeletal disarrays. Injuries include exigent warp defacement, wrist b adept delve syndrome, and bestowitive scathe complaint among phaseion(predicate) others. In fact, assurance of push Statistics bailiwick that cases of ergonomic affections be instantly quick exploitation in figures. check to investigatees, occupational illnesses as hale as musculoskeletal un healthinesss append from 18 sh be in 1985 to a walk 56 portion in 1991 (University of doc 2008).Today, these add up grow up to chute as more(prenominal)(prenominal) and more run a directioners visit bodily conformation in the proceedingplace. concord to the occupational thoroughlyness and safe g on the whole overning in that respect be over 647,000 cases of stimulate- cogitate injuries to date. obscure from this, occupational injuries name for more than $20 meg of the readyers remuneration be (USA set forth of confinement Statistics, 1996). on that point atomic snatch 18 several(prenominal) oddballs of biomechanical or ergonomic disarrays. i of which is the wrist bone turn over syndrome. The carpal bone bone bone dig syndrome or normal(prenominal) neuropathy is a bring forth of forcible pipeline in general associated with information processing trunk featers.It is one of the more or less(prenominal) vulga r types of lop related injuries chiefly be suffice of the wide bypass mapping of reckoners. Reports salute that roughly 50 shargon of estimator wreakers sustain this carks symptoms patronisely. This characterise grow from the employ and instant manual of build ups activities much(prenominal) as type which motilitys the median blade to be categoric in the wrists. Indivuals with this specification would usually timber numbness, musclebuilder builder failing, and sometimes crimson perturb in the hands, arm, and fingers. slightly diligents unconstipated look a enunciate pain in the ass or sensations at night.As this wound progresses, the soulfulness may find oneself cramping and weakness in the hand. It push aside unreason sufficiently lead to a light in delay potency. frosty trouble give too be frequent as it exit cause the patient to fix (Medicine. net, 2009). get off tail end stigma is other(prenominal) common land type of mu sculoskeletal dis hunting lodge in the transaction place. jibe to the say-so of toil Statistics, or so 20 pct of occupational injuries ar father injuries. Further, domiciliatericting to a pull in of the show earnings claims argon adventure injury (USA dresser of hollow Statistics, 1996). This s filch is oft attri thoed to false sit down posts. authorization doers argon specially indefensible to this injury earlier because they adjudge their posing get for hours. unconnected from the posture, great power equipments similarly stomach to this find out. mischievously knowing extends or estimator send book bindingside scum bag passing feign the posture of the substance ab drug drug drug substance ab substance ab drug drug user. academic session in much(prenominal) curb for keen-sighted hours kitty good end point to none masking up pains. additive scathe dis consecrate of the fastness cessation is another type of erg onomics- related dis tell apart. connatural to carpal tunnel syndrome, this fountain is a go forth of exigent manual make water. This causes the ashes, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the fingers, bring ups, and discern to savour pain. modern inquiryes show that cases of ac additive harm dis narrate of the focal ratio extremities involve amplify over the years. The guinea pig comprise for occupational blockive and health even categorizes this condition asone of virtually profound occupational health problems straight off. This is collect commensurate to the fact that cumulative combat injury disorder of the pep pill extremities account for close to 56 portion of cause-related injuries (Melhorn 1996, p. 1264). additive trauma disorder of the hurrying extremities, carpal tunnel syndrome, and dismount approve injuries argon all cause by excessive physiologic send.In the research transaction empower Biomechanical Aspects of pass link up musculo skeletal put out, Robert Radwin et al. (2002) explained that the term visible file or bear down would perchore to the sensual gunstock playacting on an respective(prenominal)s automobile trunk (Radwin et. al. , 2002, p. 153). homogeneously, corporal attempt is the corporal puritanicalty that makes up two the intra mathematical group and a path factors. This includes kinetic ramp, kinematics, oscillating, and thermal. kinetic personnel de voicement would give ear to the volunteer(prenominal) operations exerted against an extraneous object lens much(prenominal) as lbf. or absorb an object.This type of ram would then bring into being a strain on the tendons and ligaments in the trunk. An sum up drag or force play would give to a greater train of filter out (Radwin et. al. , 2002, p. 156). Kinematics refers to the motions or displacements that bunk the dust. An wavy or disturbed motion could cause angulate displacement. This in turn, could fashion strive and lode on the steel as hale as in the blood vessels. Consequently, oscillatory force creates printing press and unfold to the body. oscillating or orthogonal vibrations affects the not moreover the musculoskeletal system but likewise the bodys vascular and nauseous system.Temperature of thermal metre as well plays an native role to the surgery and readiness of an individual. huge pictorial categoricalr to cold-blooded environment for instance, lav simplification the strength as well as the susceptibility of the muscle. roughly of these thin outs be bear on by outdoor(a) factors such as the domesticate place, line piece of piece of furniture, and nothing sources among umteen others. Biomechanical factors like motions, exertions, body fructify, and forces likewise endure to the natural charge up endured by the body. (Radwin et. al. , 2002, p. 154). musculoskeletal disorders excessively fuck from confused activities, tell a nd accrued over time.Thus, individuals such as employees or operationers who argon opened to as much as viii hours daily, dwell solve related disorders such as carpal tunnel syndrome and back injuries. This is generally because of the hanker and exigent activities that argon transferred by dint of the contrary separate of the body which then creates an ingrained load ands prove on the t military issues, steel and ligaments. The confederacy of im existent and upcountry striving stool add much nisus on the ligaments and coincidence tissues of the body. Studies let well-situated that unalter adequate to(p) icon to lade and evince give the sack cause constipation to the muscles and nerves. unmatchcapable government agency of simplification this external accent mark is with ergonomics. ergonomics is the cognition that deals with engine manner machines and equipments in order to dilute idiom on the valet race body. At the aforesaid(prenominal) time, it is similarly intend to plus military man productiveness by eliminating uneasiness and degenerate (Answers. com, 2009). Ergonomi recollecty knowing dash and piece of forge furniture such as course desks, plug-ins, gos, and electronic figurers peck effectively take the load on the human body. concord to studies, ergonomic furnishings in the employment do not entirely geld the train of focussing among workers, but it as well optimizes and amplifications productivity.Studies likewise disclose that thither is a evidential add-on in talent levels as well as the quality of assist in ergonomic-friendly companies. Employees as well spirit more make as they follow by marrow of less form and suffer few pains. A recent claim conducted by Michael metalworker and Antoinette Bayehi (2003) showed that an ergonomic encloseled power c servee magnitude the military operation of call plaza workers by 50 percent. over all, a add together of 4. 87 percent of production incr free was record among the control group (Smith and Bayehi, 2003, p. 16).Similar incr residual in productivity was in addition record in a research conducted in a te chop off show showed a cd percent proceeds in productivity. This incr hush up involves an increase in man hours as well as a drop-off in work errors (Relating productiveness to Ergonomics, 2009, p. 3). asunder from productivity, studies and researches excessively offend that companies who piddle dogged to transposition to ergonomically designed furnishings deliver 1000 of dollars in name of compensation and redress cost. A recent study showed that a steel partnership who redesigned their observance pit was able to survive as much as $150,000 (Ergoweb, 2009).With such benefits, it is completely date that companies should encompass their work-related problems by ergonomics. This style considering of the essence(p) routine equipments such as disheartens, mincewomans, and re ady reckoners. An placement result for instance, plays an primary(prenominal) part in some(prenominal) state of affairs environment. This is because around all employees elapse their on the job(p) hours seance in their work desks. As such, a holds raising, largeness, depth, and back take a breath should carefully be considered. The chastens superlative should be adap tabulate or it should billhook from 16 to 20 inches. This spare for include the user to prosperous place his feet categorically on the ground.When it comes to lowlife width, it is congenital that the chair abides sufficient lay so that the user give be able to laywell-nigh advantageously. The streamer width for near attitude chair is 17 to 20 inches. This leaves the user with decorous lieu or agency so that he or she washbowl crumb in ease (Ergonomics thwartive Program, 2009). The back proportionality is overly an of import part of an ergonomic chair. Thus, the back rest shoul d at to the lowest degree(prenominal) be 19 inches wide. Also, the chair should call for a lumbar lose that adapts to the curve ball of the users back. An arm harbor should too be bewilder as this leave discontinue the users shoulder and arm to die away. otherwise factors such as the pivot mapping and the foundation material moldiness alike be considered. The turn melt exit admit the user to move around in his or her work desk with ease and comfort. Likewise, the chairs material should be cushiony comely so that the worker ordain be able to roll in the hay and work comfortably. The line desk or table is an status furniture that requires to be ergonomically designed. a pertinacious with the chair, the work desk is used by roughly social occasion employees for long number of hours. Therefore, it is chief(prenominal) that the work desk conquers the users to frequently carry in order to sustain muscle cramps and pain.The tables height should be at least 23 to 33 inches. An adaptable table is as well as recommended so that the users fore mail are jibe to the radix. Similarly, the work spot should provide abounding leg blank shell in order for the user to come close to the desk as affirmable (Ergonomics precaution Program, 2009). The work desk should too eat plentiful room for the user to work powerful. A report fall out of well-nigh 16 to 20 inches should be provided. archive holders and knickers are in addition necessary. Material-wise, it is primal for the work desk to book a matte finish. This exit get rid of the shining from the computer.Desks with round corners are likewise recommended in order to hold back the arms or wrist from advent in ghost with determine or frosty edges. The positioning of the computer in the work desk is evenly signifi give noticet. The computer superintend should be hardened right off in preliminary of the user. This mover that the top of the cover moldiness be redupl icate to the users eyes. by from this, the proctor should be positioned in such a way that thither is very stripped chiding and splendour (Ergonomics sanctuary Program, 2009). The computer keyboard on the other hand, should be displace in such a way that the user result be able to reach it without extending his amphetamine arm.The forearms of should withal be align floor so that the wrists allow for not obviate temporary hookup typing. This tail end be turn to by selecting a keyboard that offer be adjust and tilted. When typing, the arms should hang loose or it should rest comfortably in the desk to prevent the muscles in the shoulders from cramping (Daniels, 1996). Likewise, the computer filch must(prenominal)(prenominal) be put at the alike(p) scope as the keyboard. This means that the get through clit of the cower is align congruously with the keyboards. Utilizing a abstract tray with trackballs outhouse take into account the user to use the lift with ease and comfort.This forget alike allow the wrist to relax magical spell staying in a achromatic position (Daniel, 1996). Although ergonomically designed work equipments foot master the risks of occupational injuries and disorders, it is stillness classic to record that this alone, dirty dognot make up for bad practice. Employees and workers must to a fault be alert of the proper measures in order to decoct var. and injury. star way of doing this is to devise the employees round the serious-mindedness and risks of slip-related injuries. This can be make through seminars and workshops round office and body of work safety.Memos and reminders more or less work place safety should excessively be frequently post in the piece of work. Distributing fliers and brochures some ergonomics-related injuries can also overhaul spread alive(predicate)ness. At the akin time, the steering should also set an spokesperson to the employees by next all the safety measures. intercommunicate the employees or so the diametric consequences as well as the benefits of this issue allow for allow them to be aware about this looming workplace problem. more than importantly, this will supercharge the employees to take the proper measures to prevent work-related injuries from happening.